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Orlando, March , American College of Cardiology

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1 Orlando, March , American College of Cardiology 67°Annual Scientific Session & Expo The PHARMCLO study A prospective, randomised, multicentre study of a pharmacogenomic approach to the selection of antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes Diego Ardissino, MD

2 Division of Cardiology
The PHARMCLO study Disclosures All authors have no relationships relevant to this presentation to disclose. Division of Cardiology Parma

3 The PHARMCLO study - Background
Clopidogrel Response Variability Baseline - 2hr (5mol ADP) Resistance = 63% Number of patients ≤ -30 -20, -10 0, 10 20, 30 40, 50 60, 70 > 80 -30, -20 -10, 0 10, 20 30, 40 50, 60 70, 80 Division of Cardiology Parma ∆ percent aggregation Gurbel PA et al. Circulation 2003; 107:

4 The PHARMCLO study - Background
Genetic targets modulating Clopidogrel antiplatelet effects N S Cl COOCH3 Pro-drug Pre-hepatic metabolism Esterases in blood (Small Intestine) ABCB1 Clopidogrel 2 step: CYP3A CYP2C9 CYP2C19 CYP2B6 1 step: CYP1A2 CYP2C19 CYP2B6 OCH3 N S O Cl Hepatic Metabolism OCH3 Platelet membrane receptors P2Y12, GP IIb/IIIa, GPIa HOOC * HS N O Cl Platelet inhibition Marín F et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54: 4 4

5 The PHARMCLO study Study design R Pharmacogenomic arm
Unselected patients hospitalized for STEMI or NSTEMI ACS R n ≈ 3,612 Pharmacogenomic arm Standard of care arm ABCB1, 2C19*2, 2C19*17 Clinical data Clinical data Follow-up visits at 1,6 and 12 ±1 months Primary end-point: the composite of cardiovascular death and the first occurrence of non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke and BARC 3 to 5-defined major bleeding Division of Cardiology Parma

6 Division of Cardiology
The PHARMCLO study Patient population Inclusion Criteria: The diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes was based on the presence of at least two of the following criteria: ischemic symptoms at rest lasting >20 minutes electrocardiographic changes ST-segment elevation ST-segment depression the typical rise and fall of cardiac biomarker troponin I or T levels Exclusion criteria: an inability to provide informed consent or follow study procedures any contraindication to the use of P2Y12 receptor antagonists a life expectancy of <1 year thrombolytic therapy within the previous 24 hours enrolment in another randomised trial or observational registry prior knowledge of the patients’ ABCB1, CYP2C19*2 or CYP2C19*17 genotype Division of Cardiology Parma

7 Division of Cardiology
The PHARMCLO study ST Q3 system Division of Cardiology Parma

8 The PHARMCLO study Algorithm for the selection of P2Y12 receptor antagonist Clinical data age weight Grace score Crusade score diabetes prior history of stroke/TIA intracranial bleeding history of bleeding active bleeding anemia chronic kidney disease warfarin treatment ABCB1, 2C19*2, 2C19*17 Suggested P2Y12 receptor antagonist CT / CC T T *2 / *2 *2 / *1 *1 / *1 *17 / *17 *17 / *1 clopidogrel prasugrel / ticagrelor ABCB1 3435 CYP2C19*2 CYP2C19*17 Division of Cardiology Parma

9 Participating Centres
The PHARMCLO study Participating Centres PARMA PIACENZA FIDENZA GUASTALLA CARPI RAVENNA RIMINI CESENA MODENA REGGIO EMILIA TORINO SAVONA NUORO Division of Cardiology Parma

10 Premature discontinuation
The PHARMCLO study Premature discontinuation A total of 888 patients were recruited between 12 June 2013 and 18 February 2015; 448 patients were randomised to the pharmacogenomic arm and 440 to the standard of care arm. This represents 24.6% of the pre-specified sample size because, on 18 February 2015, the Ethics Committee of Modena (Italy) required that the trial should be prematurely stopped and all of the patients followed up as planned because of the lack of in vitro diagnosis (IVD) certification for the ST Q3 instrument. Notice: Q3-Evo Reader is for use in research and for all other fields except the field of in vitro diagnostics. Therefore, while waiting for more information, the Ethics Committee orders the immediate stopping of enrolment and asks the PI for an urgent update on study progress, including the number of patients enrolled and their clinical condition during follow-up. Division of Cardiology Parma

11 Demographic and clinical characteristics
The PHARMCLO study Demographic and clinical characteristics Characteristics All patients (n=888) Pharmacogenomic arm (n=448) Standard of care arm (n=440) Mean age ± SD, years 70.9 (± 12.2) 71.1 (± 12.3) 70.7 (± 12.1) <70 years 361/888 (40.6) 186/448 (41.5) 175/440 (39.8) 70-80 years 275/888 (31.0) 130/448 (29.0) 145/440 (33.0) >80 years 252/888 (28.4) 132/448 (29.5) 120/440 (27.2) Female sex - No.(%) 283/888 (32.0) 153/448 (34.2) 130/440 (29.6) Previous MI 191/888 (21.5) 96/448 (21.4) 95/440 (21.6) Previous PCI 169/888 (19.0) 81/448 (18.1) 88/440 (20.0) Chronic kidney disease 76/888 (8.6) 35/448 (7.8) 41/440 (9.3) Division of Cardiology Parma

12 Clinical and revascularization characteristics
The PHARMCLO study Clinical and revascularization characteristics Characteristics All patients (n=888) Pharmacogenomic arm (n=448) Standard of care arm (n=440) STEMI 244/888 (27.5) 114/448 (25.5) 130/440 (29.5) NSTEMI 602/888 (67.8) 316/448 (70.5) 286/440 (65) Unstable angina 17/888 (1.9) 7/448 (1.6) 10/440 (2.3) Angiography 855/888 (96.3) 433/448 (96.6) 422/440 (95.9) PCI 532/855 (62.2) 268/433 (61.8) 264/422 (62.6) CABG 92/855 (10.7) 49/433 (11.3) 43/422 (10.1) Aspirin 860/888 (97.0) 437/448 (97.6) 423/440 (96.1) Lipid-lowering drug 761/888 (85.6) 386/448 (86.2) 375/440 (85.2) Division of Cardiology Parma

13 Frequency distribution of selected P2Y12 receptor antagonist
The PHARMCLO study Frequency distribution of selected P2Y12 receptor antagonist Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticagrelor No P2Y12 P=0.02 Division of Cardiology Parma

14 Primary composite end-point 95% confidence interval: 0.43 – 0.78
The PHARMCLO study Primary composite end-point Standard of care H.R.: 0.58 95% confidence interval: 0.43 – 0.78 P < 0.001 Pharmacogenomic Standard of care Pharmacogenomic No. at risk Pharmacogenomic arm 448 516 390 295 Standard of care arm 440 397 349 280 Division of Cardiology Parma

15 Individual components of the primary composite end-point
The PHARMCLO study Individual components of the primary composite end-point Primary end-point Pharmacogenomic arm (n=448) Standard of care arm (n=440) HR [95% CI] Cardiovascular death 28 34 0.80 [ ] Non-fatal myocardial infarction 21 47 0.42 [ ] - Post-PCI MI 1 7 - Post-CABG MI 9 Non-fatal stroke 5 0.70 [ ] Combined major bleeding (BARC*3+4+5) 17 26 0.64 [ ] Primary composite end-point 71 114 0.58 [ ] Division of Cardiology Parma

16 The PHARMCLO study Primary composite end-point in clopidogrel-treated patients H.R.: 0.68 95% confidence interval: 0.47 – 0.97 P = 0.03 Standard of care Pharmacogenomic Standard of care Pharmacogenomic No. at risk Pharmacogenomic arm 194 173 152 102 Standard of care arm 223 195 161 127 Division of Cardiology Parma

17 Division of Cardiology
The PHARMCLO study Conclusions The implementation of multiple genotyping to guide the antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes is feasible across different institutions A more personalised approach to the selection of antiplatelet therapy may lead to a clinically meaningful reduction in ischemic and bleeding complications Future studies of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy are required to confirm these data and clarify the cost-efficacy of genotyping in the challenging setting of acute coronary syndromes before implementing it in everyday clinical practice Division of Cardiology Parma

18 Division of Cardiology
The PHARMCLO study JACC cover page Division of Cardiology Parma

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