2. The Bantu Migration
200 BC Africans from Cameroon moved into other areas
Bantu Migration—named for the language of people
100s of languages spoken within Africa
Trading towns began to grow on Africa’s eastern coast
New crops from Asia introduced and new iron tools

3. The Bantu Migration
Bantu people encountered Mbuti and Khoisan People Mbuti and Khosian people moved to areas not occupied by Bantu Sub-saharan has never been under the rule of a single empire People identify themselves by clan or chief rather than as Africans

4. Trading Empires in Africa
Romans introduced camels to Africa and changed trade
Camels could survive the dessert
Caravans transported gold, ivory, spices, leather, and ostrich feathers
Enslaved people were also transported (captured in war) to serve as soldiers or servants

5. Western African Kingdoms Ghana
Ghana: “land of gold”
First great kingdom of West Africa
Fertile soil and iron tools let farmers to produce food
Positioned on crossword of two main trade routes
Sahara salt mines and W.African gold mines
Iron Weapons, well-trained army, and desirability of salt contributed to Ghana’s power

6. The Desert Highway Trading caravans crossed Sahara
Bantu traded gold, ivory, kola nuts (medicine)
Traded for: cloth, iron, horses, salt (preservation)
Ghana—first sub-Saharan kingdom
Desert Highway also provided means of spread of Muslim religion

7. The Influence of Islam
Muslim schools and universities in cities of Jenne, Gao, and Timbuktu
West Africa—Muslim today
Mansa Musa ruler of West Africa made pilgrimage to Mecca
Returned with Muslim scholars and scientists

8. Mali Mali grew twice as large as Ghana
Controlled trade between north and south
People encouraged to plant crops to avoid dependence on trade
Mansa Musa: greatest king of Mali
Sundiata Keita “Lion Prince”—united Mali’s people
Timbuktu—center of trade in Mali and center of learning

9. A Spoken Tradition History of these kingdoms was passed down by griots
Griots memorized history, customs, traditions, and laws and then verbally shared these stories
Griots served as a counselor
Griots provide much information about Africa’s history

10. Songhai After Mnsa Musa’s death state broke away from Mali
Sunni Ali became the leader and extend the territory
Askia Muhammad—leader of Songhai
Divided the empire into provinces under local government
Warfare destroyed the trade route—empire broke up by 1600

11. Eastern African Kingdoms
Axum was a kingdom near Kush
Exported: ivory, incense, enslaved people
Imported: cloth, metal, olive oil
Christianity became official religion of Axum in AD 334
Islam was introduced later
Both religions spread along trade routes
African traders sailed boats called dhows

12. The Rise of Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe: “stone house” was a series of stone walls and buildings
Royal court, temple, fortress, craft center