1. Mount Kilauea
What are the causes, impacts and responses to volcanic events? How have they been managed?

2. Background
Kilauea has been active for 23,000 years and has been continuously erupting
Since 1952 there have been 34 sizeable eruptions
Kilauea is the most active currently

3. Causes
A mid ocean hot spot, caused by a plume volcano (radioactive material in the asthenosphere causes the fixed plume to arise)
Pacific plate has moved
to the NW over the Hot
Spot to create an island
arc forming the Hawaiian
islands
They erupt basaltic lava low in viscosity

4. 2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day
Impacts
181 houses destroyed
$61 million cost
added 570 acres of land to Hawaii
2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day
large amounts of earth can collapse into the sea
lava-seawater explosions occur
1938 cone formed on top of the mountain called the puu oo, in 1992 increased activity caused it to collapse and form a large caldera, more active

5. Place specifics
In 1990 it engulfed Kalapana, fishing a residential village,
Black sand beach at Kaimu,
Hawaii’s oldest temple, Wahaula heiau

6. 2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day
Biggest impact
2,000 tons of sulphur dioxide air pollution per day
When sulphur dioxide (SO2)gas is released, it reacts chemically with the air to form a mixture of sulphate aerosols creating a hazy VOG
A professor at the University Orvis School of Nursing and studies: an escalation in serious respiratory problems

7. Management The USGS (united states geological survey)
USGS- 127 topographic maps of land features and shapes
USGS exploratory drilling program to look for reliable freshwater
NAWQA (national water quality assessment program) in 1991 to describe how it is, how it has changed and to educate about how to overcome it
GIS (Geographical information system) of Hawaii's active volcanoes to predict and prepare for next ones based on trends
slow moving so people can easily be warned and prepare (low viscosity)