1. New Rule for Steel Erection
WAC through -724
The Standard
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4. Why the new rules??
OSHA studies of 673 fatalities among ironworkers highlighted common hazards
Deaths were largely preventable by engineering & regulatory changes

5. = Outline
Site layout, site specific erection plan & construction sequence
Hoisting & rigging
Structural steel assembly details
Column anchorage
Beams & columns
Open web steel joists
Systems engineered metal buildings
Falling object protection
Fall protection
Training

6. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
Controlling contractor must provide written notification that concrete has attained
75% of design strength, or
Sufficient strength to support the loads

7. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
Controlling contractor must ensure that adequate access roads are provided and maintained
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

8. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
Controlling contractor must ensure that a suitable space is provided for
storage of materials and
safe operation of hoisting operations

9. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
All hoisting operations must be preplanned to ensure all “working under loads” requirements are met

10. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
A site-specific erection plan may be developed to provide alternate means to protect employees
Appendix A contains guidelines
Example
App A

11. An Example of “Alternate Means To Protect Employees”
(e) Safety latches on hooks must not be deactivated or made inoperable except:
(i) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and placing of purlins and single joists can be performed more safely by doing so; or
(ii) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific erection plan.

12. Site layout, site-specific erection plan & construction sequence
“Steel erection must be done under the supervision of a competent person who is present at the worksite.”
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13. Definition: Competent Person
One who can identify existing or predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization or authority by nature of their position to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

14. Hoisting & Rigging The new section (WAC 296-155-704) and
Both apply to hoisting and rigging
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

15. Hoisting & Rigging Crane preshift visual inspection
must be visually inspected by a competent person
rule gives inspection minimums
deficiencies must be evaluated immediately
equipment posing a hazard must be placed out of service
operator has authority to stop and refuse any loads until safety is assured
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

16. Inspection Minimums: All control mechanisms for maladjustments;
Control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and contamination by lubricants, water or other foreign matter;
Safety devices, including boom angle indicators, boom stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two block devices, and load movement indicators where required;
Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks, or wear;
Wire rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment manufacturer's specifications;
Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive deterioration, dirt, or moisture accumulation;
Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
Tires for proper inflation and condition;
Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper support, including ground settling under and around outriggers, ground water accumulation, or similar conditions;
The hoisting equipment for level position; and
The hoisting equipment for level position after each move and setup.

17. Hoisting & Rigging
A qualified rigger must inspect the rigging prior to each shift
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

18. Definition: Qualified person
One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate or professional training, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project

19. Hoisting & Rigging Working under loads
Routes for suspended loads must be preplanned to avoid endangering workers

20. Hoisting & Rigging When working under loads
materials must be rigged to prevent unintentional displacement
hooks must have self-closing safety latches or equivalent
all loads must be rigged by a qualified rigger

21. Hoisting & Rigging Multiple lift rigging procedure
only when:
a multiple lift rigging assembly is used
specifically within manufacturer’s specifications & limitations
maximum of 5 members hoisted per lift
only beams & similar structural members are lifted
only trained employees involved
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

22. Hoisting & Rigging Multiple lift rigging procedure
Bundles of decking are NOT appropriate for multiple lift.
Even though metal decking meets the definition of structural members

23. Hoisting & Rigging Multiple lift rigging procedure
Components of the multiple lift rigging assembly must be specifically designed and assembled with a maximum capacity for total assembly and for each individual attachment point.
Based on manufacturer’s specifications with a 5 to 1 safety factor on all components

24. Hoisting & Rigging Multiple lift rigging procedure
Total load must not exceed
rated capacity as specified in the hoisting equipment load charts and
rigging capacity specified in the rigging-rating charts

25. Hoisting & Rigging Multiple lift rigging procedure
Controlled load lowering must be used whenever the load is over the connectors
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26. Structural Steel Assembly Structural stability maintained at all times during the erection process
Multistory structures have permanent floors installed as the erection of structural members progresses
Within 8 floors of the concrete, or
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

27. Structural Steel Assembly Structural stability maintained at all times during the erection process
Multistory structures have permanent floors installed as the erection of structural members progresses
Within 8 floors of the concrete, or
no more than 4 floors (or 48’) of unfinished bolting or welding above secured floor

28. Structural Steel Assembly Walking/working surfaces
Elimination of tripping hazards:
no shear connectors or other similar devices …until after walking/working surface has been installed.
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

29. Structural Steel Assembly Plumbing up
When deemed necessary by a competent person: Plumbing up equipment must be installed in conjunction with the steel erection process to ensure stability of the structure.
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

30. Structural Steel Assembly Plumbing up
When necessary, plumbing up equipment must be in place and properly installed before the structure is loaded with construction material

31. Structural Steel Assembly Plumbing up
Plumbing up equipment must be removed only with the approval of a competent person

32. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Hoisting, landing & placing of metal decking bundles
provisions to prevent “displacement” of decking during handling/storage
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

33. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Roof & floor holes and openings Must be installed as described:
Para 706(4)(b)
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

34. Specific requirements:
(b) Roof and floor holes and openings. Metal decking at roof and floor holes and openings must be installed as follows:
(i) Framed metal deck openings must have structural members turned down to allow continuous deck installation except where not allowed by structural design constraints or constructibility.
(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings must be decked over. Where large size, configuration or other structural design does not allow openings to be decked over (such as elevator shafts, stair wells, etc.) employees must be protected in accordance with chapter WAC, Part C-1 or Part K.
(iii) Metal decking holes and openings must not be cut until immediately prior to being permanently filled with the equipment or structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific use and which meets the strength requirements of (c) of this subsection, or must be immediately covered.

35. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Covering roof and floor openings
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

36. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Decking gaps around columns
where there are gaps between columns, the “falling objects hazards” must be eliminated
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

37. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
During installation, metal decking must be laid tightly & immediately secured to prevent movement

38. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
During installation, metal decking panels must be placed to ensure full support by structural members

39. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Derrick floors must be fully decked or planked & connections completed

40. Structural Steel Assembly Metal decking
Temporary loads placed on derrick floors must be distributed over the underlying support to prevent local overloading
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41. Column anchorage
Insufficient column anchorage is a primary cause of column failure and a large contributor to fatalities among ironworkers!
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

42. Column anchorage Erection Stability
All columns must be anchored by a minimum of four anchor bolts
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

43. Column anchorage Erection Stability
All columns* must be anchored by a minimum of four anchor bolts
all anchor rod assemblies must meet strength criteria listed in the rule

44. * “Columns”
The term “columns” does not include Posts. Posts are defined as a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is essentially vertical and weighs less than 300 lbs. And is not axially loaded, but laterally restrained.

45. Column anchorage Erection Stability
Columns must be
set on level, finished floors
pregrouted leveling plates
leveling nuts, or
shim packs
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

46. Column anchorage Erection Stability
All columns must be evaluated by a competent person to determine if guying or bracing is needed.
If guying or bracing is needed, it must be installed
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

47. Column anchorage Anchor rods (bolts)
Anchor rods/bolts must not be repaired, replaced or field modified without approval of the project structural engineer of record

48. Column anchorage Anchor rods (bolts)
Controlling contractor must provide written notification to the steel erector if there has been any repair, replacement or modification of the anchor rods/bolts
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49. Beams & Columns Final placing of solid web structural members
The load must not be released until members are secured with at least 2 bolts per connection

50. Beams & Columns Final placing of solid web structural members
The load must not be released until members are secured with at least 2 bolts per connection
Bolts must be
Same size and strength shown in the erection drawings
Drawn up wrench tight, or equivalent specified

51. Beams & Columns Final placing of solid web structural members
A competent person must determine if more than 2 bolts are needed

52. Beams & Columns Diagonal bracing
Solid web structural members used as diagonal bracing must be secured by at least one bolt per connection
Wrench tight or equivalent

53. Beams & Columns Double connections at columns and/or beam webs over a column
When making connections sharing common connection holes, at least one bolt with its wrench-tight nut must remain connected to the first member
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.
Diagram
Exception

54. Beams & Columns Double connections at columns and/or beam webs over a column
Exception

55. Appendix E has examples
Beams & Columns Double connections at columns and/or beam webs over a column
…unless a shop-attached or field-attached seat or equivalent connection device is supplied with the member to secure the first member and prevent the column from being displaced.
MORE
Appendix E has examples

56. Beams & Columns Double connections at columns and/or beam webs over a column
If a seat or equivalent device is used, it must be designed to support the load
…and adequately bolted or welded to both supporting members & the first member before nuts on the shared bolts are removed to make the double connection

57. Beams & Columns Column splices
Each column splice must be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300#
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

58. Beams & Columns Perimeter columns
Must extend a minimum of 48” above the finished floor to permit installation of perimeter safety cables prior to erection of the next tier
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

59. Beams & Columns Perimeter columns
Must have holes or other devices for attaching perimeter cables
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60. Open Web Steel Joists
“Open web steel joists must be secured before releasing the load.”
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

61. Open Web Steel Joists Landing and placing loads
No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends attached,
UNLESS
Photo courtesy of National Ironworkers & Employers Apprenticeship Training and Journeyman Upgrading Fund. All rights reserved.

62. Open Web Steel Joists Landing and placing loads
No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends attached, unless
1. structure is capable of supporting the load
2. the bundle is placed on a minimum of three steel joists
3. the joists are attached at both ends
4. at least one row of bridging is installed and anchored
5. bundle of decking does not exceed 4,000#
6. edge of the load must be within 1’ of the bearing surface of the joist end
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63. Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings “Package Building”
Before releasing hoisting equipment:
Columns
minimum 4 bolts at base
Rigid frames
50% of the bolts
or as specified by manufacturer
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64. Falling Object Protection
All materials, equipment, & tools which are not in use while aloft must be secured against accidental displacement

65. Falling Object Protection
The controlling contractor must bar other construction processes from below steel erection unless overhead protection for the employees below is provided
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66. Fall Protection Must be in accordance with WAC 296-155, Part K
Part C-1 &
Part K
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67. Training Fall hazard training
Special training in multiple lift rigging procedure
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End

68. The End
Photos courtesy of Pacific Northwest Ironworkers and Employers Apprenticeship and Training Committee -86
Very special thanks to Douglas Smith and Kevin McGee
And thanks also to Jerry Rowland, Corona Steel and Ironworkers Local #86

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70. Navigational Symbols Used in this Presentation
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71. Each line Hyperlinks to the module listed
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Site layout, site specific erection plan & construction sequence
Hoisting & rigging
Structural steel assembly details
Column anchorage
Beams & columns
Open web steel joists
Systems engineered metal buildings
Falling object protection
Fall protection
Training
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“Steel erection must be done under the supervision of a competent person who is present at the worksite.”

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