1. Chapter 11: Planning for Children

2. Do you want to have children?
Discussion question
Do you want to have children?
If so why?
If not why not?
What has influenced your decision?

3. Pronatalism
Attitudes that encourage childbearing

4. Social Influences Motivation Individuals to have Children
Family
Friends
Religion
Race- Hispanics have the highest fertility rate
Government- less taxes w/children
Economy
Cultural Observations- Mother’s/Father’s Day

5. Individual Motivations for having Children
Conscious motivations include:
the desire for love and companionship with one’s own offspring.
the desire to be personally fulfilled as an adult by having a child.

6. Life style changes?
How does adding a child to your life change your life style?

7. Lifestyle Changes and Parenthood
Daily living routines become focused around the children.
Living arrangements change to provide space for another person in the household.

8. Lifestyle Changes & Parenthood
Some parents change their work schedule to allow them to be home more.
loss of freedom of activity
Loss of flexibility in one’s personal schedule.

9. Financial Costs of Parenthood
An uncomplicated birth, with a 2-day hospital stay, may total $10,000.
A cesarean section birth may cost $14,000.
Annual cost under 2 (income $57,600 to $99,730)
$11,950
Annual cost 15-17
$13,830

10. Financial Costs of Parenthood
Annual cost of a child less than 2 years old for middle income parents
$3,870 - Housing
$1,350 - Food
$1,540 - Transportation -
$740 – Clothing
$820 – Health care
$2,740 - Child care
$890 - Misc.
TOTAL 11,950 (under 2 years old/
$13,83o ( year old)

11. How Many Children? One in five women aged 40 to 44 has a single child.
The most preferred family size in the United States is the two-child family.
Couples are more likely to have a third child if they already have two girls rather than two boys.

12. Childfree Marriage pg. 307
Top five reasons given in Laura Scott’s (2009) Childless by Choice Project for not having children include:
Life/relationship satisfaction
Being free and independent
Avoid responsibility of rearing a child
Absence of maternal/paternal instinct
Desire to accomplish and experience things in life

13. Infertility
Infertility : inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least one year of regular sexual relations w/out birth control, OR The inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

14. Infertility 40% of infertility problems are attributed to the woman.
40% of infertility problems are attributed to the man.
20% of infertility problems are attributed to both the man and woman.

15. Types of Infertility Primary
A woman has never conceived though she has had regular sexual relations for 12 months.

16. Types of Infertility Secondary
A woman has previously conceived but is currently unable to do so even though she has had regular sexual relations 12 months.

17. Types of Infertility Pregnancy wastage.
A woman has been able to conceive but has been unable to produce a live birth.

18. Causes of Male Infertility
Low sperm production
Poor semen motility
Effects of sexually transmitted diseases
Interference with passage of sperm through the genital ducts due to an enlarged prostate

19. Causes of Female Infertility
Blocked fallopian tubes
Endocrine imbalance that prevents ovulation
Dysfunctional ovaries
Chemically hostile cervical mucus that may kill sperm
Effects of sexually transmitted diseases
Age
Not having been pregnant before
Obesity

20. Assisted Reproductive Technology
Hormone Therapy – release eggs
Artificial Insemination – low sperm count or motility
- AIH & AID
Artificial Insemination of a Surrogate Mother – sperm/ eggs $20 - $25K
1. biological mother’s eggs implanted in surrogate mother
2. surrogate mother’s eggs + biological father’s sperm
In Vitro Fertilization – own eggs
cryopreservation- fertilized eggs are frozen & implanted at a later time.
Sophia Vergara and her ex-fiance.
Ovum Transfer – donated eggs are fertilized by father’s sperm and implanted in the mother’s uterus. The child is biologically related to at least one parent.

22. Nadya Suleman
Gave birth to 8 baby in 2008

23. Routes to Adoption Public Children from a child welfare system
Private Agency
Children placed with nonrelatives through agencies
Independent Adoption
Children placed directly or by a intermediary/lawyer
Kinship
Adopt a family member
Stepparent
Adopt a spouse’s child

24. Motives for Adoption Inability to have a biological child
Desire to give an otherwise unwanted child a permanent loving home
Desire to avoid contributing to overpopulation by having more biological children
Less than 5% of couples adopt, and 15% of these adoptions will be children from other countries

25. Adoption
Demographic characteristics of people seeking to adopt a child: white, educated, and high-income.
Characteristics of children available for adoption: healthy, white infants.
Costs of adoption
U.S. foster care system: little or no cost
Agency and private adoptions: $5,000 - $40,000
International adoptions: $7,000 - $30,000

26. Sterilization Permanent surgical procedure that prevents reproduction
Reasons for sterilization
health reasons
desire to have no more children
to remain childfree
Risk of pill use at older ages and the lower reliability of alternative birth control methods

27. Female Sterilization: Tubal Sterilization
Oophorectomy- removal of ovaries
Hysterectomy-removal of uterus
Salpingectomy-tying the tubes

28. The physician makes two small incisions, one on either side of the scrotum, so a small portion of the sperm- carrying ducts can be cut out and tied closed.
Sperm are still produced but since there is no tube to the penis, they remain in the epididymis and eventually dissolve
vASECTOMY
Is the most frequent form of male sterilization. .

29. Abortion
An induced abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy through chemical or surgical means.
A spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is the unintended termination of a pregnancy.

30. Reasons for an Abortions
1209 pregnant women who reported having an abortion reported the following reasons:
74% - The child would interfere with education, work, or ability to care for dependents.
73% - She could not afford a baby now.
48% - She did not want to be a mother or was having relationship problems.

31. Pro-Life Advocates – ban abortion
They essentially believe:
The unborn fetus has a right to live.
Abortion is an immoral solution to unintended pregnancy.
The life of an unborn fetus is sacred and should be protected, even at the cost of individual difficulties for the pregnant woman.

32. Pro-Choice Advocates
Support the legal availability of abortion for all women.
They essentially believe:
Freedom of choice is a central value.
Those who must bear the burden of their choices ought to have the right to make these choices.
Procreation choices must be free of governmental control.

33. Physical Effects of Abortion
Post-abortion complications include:
possibility of incomplete abortion
uterine infection
excessive bleeding
perforation or laceration of the uterus, bowel, or adjacent organs
adverse reaction to a medication or anesthetic

34. Psychological Effects of Abortion
For most women, a legal first-trimester abortion does not create psychological hazards, and symptoms of distress are within normal bounds.

35. Things to consider There is never a good time to have a baby
Deciding to not use contraception when sexually active is a choice to get pregnant
The responsibility of a child lasts your lifetime

36. Contraception Natural Family Planning
Refraining from sexual intercourse during the seven to ten days each month when the woman is thought to be fertile.
THE CALENDER METHOD

37. Non-Methods of Contraception
Withdrawal is the practice whereby the man withdraws his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates.
NOT VERY EFFECTIVE!!!!
Douching refers to rinsing or cleansing the vaginal canal.
NOT VERY EFFECTIVE

38. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
The Pill
92% No
$10–42 /month
Jadelle®
99.95%
$300–600
Depo-Provera ®
97%
$45–75 /injection
Transdermal patch
$15–32 /month

40. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
Vaginal Ring
92% No
$15–48 /month
Male condom
85%
Yes
$2-10/box
Female condom
79%
$4-10/box

42. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
Spermicide
71% No
$8–18
Today®
Sponge
68-84%
$3-5 /sponge
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
$50 to $200 +spermicide

44. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
IUD
98.2%-99% No
$150–300
Withdrawal
73% $0
Periodic abstinence
75%
Emergency contraception
$10–32
Abstinence
100%
Yes

45. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
The Pill
Highly effective. 24-hour protection. Menstrual regulation.
Daily administration. Side effects.
Jadelle®
Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Side effects. Menstrual changes.

46. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Depo-Provera ®
Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Can impact bone density. Not recommended for use longer than 2 years. Side effects.
Transdermal patch
Same as oral contraceptives.
Patch changed weekly. Side effects possible. 60% more hormone exposure than pills.

47. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Vaginal Ring
Lower hormone levels may mean fewer side effects than pills.
Must be comfortable with body for insertion.
Male condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Can interrupt spontaneity.

48. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Female condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Decreased sensation. Insertion takes practice.
Spermicide
Many forms to choose. Easy to purchase and use.
Can cause irritation.Can be messy.

49. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Today®
Sponge
Few side effects. Effective for 24 hours after insertion.
Spermicide irritation possible.
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
Few side effects. Can be inserted within 2 hours
Can be messy. Risk of vaginal/UTI infections.

50. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
IUD
Little maintenance. Longer term protection.
Risk of PID increased. Chance of expulsion.
Withdrawal
Requires little planning. Always available.
Pre-ejaculatory fluid can contain sperm.

51. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Periodic abstinence
No side effects. Widely accepted.
Requires a lot of planning.
Emergency contraception
Provides option after intercourse has occurred.
Must be taken within 72 hours. Side effects likely.
Abstinence
No risk of pregnancy or STDs.
Partners both have to agree to abstain.

52. Female Sterilization
Salpingectomy (tubal ligation), is often performed just after a woman has delivered a baby.
The operation takes about thirty minutes.
About 700,000 are performed annually.
Cost is around $2500.
A less expensive and quicker (15 minutes) form of salpingectomy, performed is the laparoscopy.

53. Hormonal Contraceptives
Depo-Provera®
A compound similar to progesterone injected into a woman’s arm or buttock that protects a woman against pregnancy for three months.
Vaginal Ring
A soft, flexible, and transparent ring that is worn inside the vagina and provides month long pregnancy protection.

54. Hormonal Contraceptives
Transdermal Applications
Ortho Evra® is a transdermal patch that delivers hormones to a woman’s body through skin absorption.
Male Hormonal Methods
Numerous studies have found that administration of testosterone to men reduces sperm count and is a very efficient method of contraception.

55. Condoms Male Condom Female Condom
The condom is a thin sheath made of latex, polyurethane, or natural membranes.
Female Condom
The female condom resembles the male condom except that it fits in the woman’s vagina to protect her from pregnancy, HIV infection, and other STDs.

56. Contraception Spermicides Intrauterine Device (IUD)
A chemical that kills sperm.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Inserted into the uterus by a physician to prevent the fertilized egg from implanting on the uterine wall or to dislodge the fertilized egg if it has already implanted.
Contraceptive sponge
Disk-shaped polyurethane device containing the spermicide N-9

57. Contraception Diaphragm Cervical Cap
A shallow rubber dome attached to a flexible, circular steel spring.
Cervical Cap
A thimble-shaped contraceptive device made of rubber or polyethylene that fits tightly over the cervix and is held in place by suction.

58. Emergency Contraception
Combined Estrogen-Progesterone
The most common morning-after pills are combined estrogen-progesterone oral contraceptives taken to prevent pregnancy.
Postcoital IUD
Insertion of a copper IUD 5 to 7 days after ovulation in a cycle when unprotected intercourse has occurred.

59. Mifepristone (RU-486)
A synthetic steroid that inhibits implantation of a fertilized egg.
The so-called abortion pill, approved by the FDA in the United States in 2000 can be given to induce abortion within seven weeks of pregnancy.
Side effects may include cramping, nausea, vomiting, and breast tenderness.
More than 90% of U.S. women who tried RU-486 would recommend and choose it over surgery again.

60. Companionship as a Motivator of Parenthood
This father was 58 when his daughter was born. They are celebrating her twentieth birthday. He had another child, a son, when he was 62.

61. Older Parents
There are advantages and disadvantages of having a child as an older parent.
Primary advantage is the amount of attention the parents can devote to their offspring.
The primary disadvantage is that the parents are likely to die before, or early in, the child’s adult life.