1. Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 570-581 (April 2008)
Collective Epithelial Migration and Cell Rearrangements Drive Mammary Branching Morphogenesis 
Andrew J. Ewald, Audrey Brenot, Myhanh Duong, Bianca S. Chan, Zena Werb 
Developmental Cell 
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages (April 2008)
DOI: /j.devcel
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Mammary Epithelia Enter a Multilayered Epithelial State during Morphogenesis
(A) Mouse mammary ducts elongate greatly during puberty (carmine red-stained whole mounts). Terminal end buds (TEBs) are indicated (black arrows).
(B–E) Staining for zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), β-catenin, and nuclei (DAPI) in (B) a quiescent mammary duct, (C) a hyperplasia from a 14-week-old MMTV-PymT mouse, and (D) a TEB from a pubertal mouse. (E) A TEB from a pubertal mouse stained with smooth muscle actin (SMA) to indicate myoepithelial (ME) cells and phospho-histone H3 (H3-P) to indicate cells in mitosis.
(F and G) Single-section frames from a time-lapse movie showing (F) luminal clearance (Movie S2) and (G) luminal filling (Movie S3) in two different FGF2-treated, K14-GFP-actin/CellTracker Red-labeled organoids.
(F′ and G′) Schematic view of (F) and (G), respectively; the ME is green, and the lumen is gray.
(H) A simple, bilayered cyst, grown in minimal medium.
(I) A complex multilayered cyst, grown in FGF2 medium, with basally located SMA+ ME and internal SMA+ cells.
(J and K) In FGF2-treated complex cysts, (J) APKC-ζ and (K) β-catenin localize to all lateral cell surfaces, whereas ZO-1 localizes to many microlumens.
(L) In FGF2-treated complex cysts, β1-integrin localizes to regions of cell-ECM contact, whereas ZO-1 localizes to luminal surfaces.
Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Myoepithelial Cells Move Actively during Ductal Elongation and Bifurcation
(A) Single-section frames from a time-lapse movie of ductal initiation and elongation in a K14-GFP-actin/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid (Movie S4).
(A′) Schematic view of (A); ME is green, and the lumen is gray. An ME cell (yellow) moves from a basal to an interior position.
(B–B″) 3D reconstructions of optical sections from a time-lapse movie of (B) ductal elongation and bifurcation (Movie S5) and, at higher magnification, (B′) ductal elongation and (B″) ductal bifurcation in a K14-GFP-actin/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid.
(C and E–G) 3D reconstructions of optical sections and (D) single optical sections of SMA-labeled ME in an (C) organoid, an (D) elongating duct, a (E) growth-arrested organoid, and (F and G) bifurcating ducts at higher magnification.
All images are from FGF2-treated organoids. Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Mammary Epithelium Is Multilayered and Incompletely Polarized during Morphogenesis
(A) Single-section frames from a time-lapse movie of ducts stopping and repolarizing in a β-actin-EGFP/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid (Movie S6).
(B–H) Localization of (B) E-cadherin at cell-cell borders; laminin 332 in (C) unbranched organoids and (D) elongating ducts; β-catenin at lateral cell-cell boundaries, which is distinct from zona occludens 1 (ZO-1)-labeled apical surfaces during ductal (E) initiation and (F) elongation; and APKC-ζ at all apical and lateral cell-cell boundaries and colocalized with ZO-1 on apical surfaces during ductal (G) initiation and (H) elongation.
(I) β1-integrin at the basal cell-ECM border and localized to some β-catenin-labeled lateral cell surfaces.
(J) β1-integrin marks the basal tissue surface, and ZO-1 marks the apical tissue surface.
(K and L) Mitotic cells (phospho-histone H3+, H3-P) are widely distributed in both luminal and myoepithelial cell layers during (K) complex cyst and (L) ductal elongation phases.
All images are from FGF2-treated organoids. Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Ductal Elongation Occurs without Forward-Oriented Actin Protrusions in a Rearranging, Multilayered Cell Population
(A) Schematic of possible cellular mechanisms of ductal elongation.
(A′) Frames from a time-lapse movie showing multilayered epithelial elongation in a Sca-1-EGFP/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid (Movies S7 and S8).
(B) Possible localizations of F-actin in elongating ducts.
(B′–B″′) F-actin and nuclear localization in a representative elongating duct.
(B″″) F-actin colocalizes with zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) along luminal surfaces.
(C) The cells at the elongation front could be constant (cell identity) or changing (cell behavior).
(C′) Frames from a time-lapse movie showing cell rearrangement during ductal elongation in a Sca-1-EGFP/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid.
(C″) Schematic view of the movie in (C′); individual cells are highlighted. The red cell shifts out of plane to the back surface of the lumen.
All images are from FGF2-treated organoids. Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5 Rac-1 and MLCK Are Required for Ductal Initiation
(A and B) Inhibition of (A) Rac-1 and (B) MLCK causes dose-dependent inhibition of branching morphogenesis.
(C) The control organoid has initiated and elongated multiple new ducts.
(D) Rac-1 inhibition (100 μM, 0 hr) results in dense cysts with basal smooth muscle actin-positive (SMA+) myoepithelial (ME) cells and internal tubules.
(E and F) MLCK inhibition (4 μM, 0 hr) results in both (E) partially filled and (F) hollow cysts with basal ME.
(G and H) Frames from parallel time-lapse movies of a (G) Rac-1- (100 μM) (Movie S9) and (H) MLCK (5 μM) (Movie S10)-inhibited K14-GFP-actin/CellTracker Red-labeled organoid.
All images are from FGF2-treated organoids. Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
ROCK Signaling Is Required to Restore Simple Ductal Architecture
(A) Inhibition of ROCK does not prevent branching morphogenesis.
(B) Myoepithelial (ME) cells in control organoids are closely adherent and reflect the pattern of branching morphogenesis.
(C) ME cells in ROCK-inhibited organoids (50 μM) are disorganized, appear loosely adherent, and do not reflect the hyperbranched structure of the LE ducts.
(D and E) Longitudinal sections through (D) control and (E) ROCK-inhibited (50 μM) ducts.
(F and G) Transverse sections through (F) control and (G) ROCK-inhibited (50 μM) ducts.
(H and I) (H) Control organoids form large, connected, ZO-1-lined lumens, whereas (I) ROCK-inhibited organoids (50 μM) have fragmentary ZO-1-lined microlumens.
(J and K) Both (J) control and (K) ROCK-inhibited (50 μM) organoids localize E-cadherin to luminal cell surfaces.
(L and M) Frames from time-lapse movies, collected in parallel, of (L) control (Movie S11) and (M) ROCK-inhibited (Movie S12) (50 μM) K14-GFP-actin/CellTracker Red-labeled organoids.
All images are from FGF2-treated organoids. Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7
Mammary Epithelia Are in a Multilayered State during Morphogenesis
(A) Early hyperplasias from the MMTV-PymT mouse model lose myoepithelial (ME) coverage and transition into a multilayered epithelial organization.
(B) Late hyperplasias from the MMTV-PymT mouse model have a multilayered epithelial organization and consist of incompletely polarized cells, with β-catenin on all lateral surfaces.
(C and D) Normal (C) FGF2-treated ducts in culture and (D) terminal end buds in vivo are multilayered and consist of incompletely polarized cells, with β-catenin on all lateral surfaces.
(E) Schematic representation of epithelial morphogenesis in culture.
(F) During normal morphogenesis, mammary epithelium transiently reorganizes into a highly proliferative, low-polarity, multilayered state and then returns to a quiescent, simple epithelial state. Aberrant entry into, or failure to exit from, this morphogenetically active state may facilitate tumor initiation or progression.
Scale bars are 20 μm.
Developmental Cell  , DOI: ( /j.devcel )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions