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Herd Immunity and Positive Externalities
by Jennifer Tontodonati and John Tibbetts Slide 1: Diseases Have you ever heard of these diseases? Ebola Measles Mumps Polio Rubella
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Slide 2: Data Collection
Red Yellow Green Start Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 – Start Round 3 – End
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Estimated R0 and HITs of well-known infectious diseases
Slide 3: Herd Immunity Threshold (HIT) Table Estimated R0 and HITs of well-known infectious diseases Disease Transmission R0 HIT Measles Airborne 12-18 92-95% Pertussis Airborne droplet 12-17 92-94% Diphtheria Saliva 6-7 83-86% Rubella Smallpox 5-7 80-86% Polio Fecal-oral route Mumps 4-7 75-86% SARS 2-5 50-80% Ebola (Ebola virus epidemic - West Africa) Bodily fluids 33-60% Influenza (Influenza pandemics) 33-44% SOURCE:
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Slide 4: Negative Externality Examples
Cigarette smoking creates passive smoking for non-smokers. A loud concert at a park creates noise at a nearby quiet neighborhood.
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Slide 5: Positive Externality Examples
Property values for other houses in the neighborhood rise when a homeowner improves his or her house and sells it for more than it was previously worth. Recreation space is created when a state builds a reservoir for flood control. An industrial company provides first aid classes for employees to increase job safety. An employee is also equipped to save lives outside the factory.
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Slide 6: Vocabulary Externality: A cost and/or benefit that spills over to a third party not directly involved in the production or consumption of a good or service. Herd immunity: The resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficient high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination. Negative externality: A cost that spills over to a third party not directly involved in the production or consumption of a good or service. Positive externality: A benefit that spills over to a third party not directly involved in the production or consumption of a good or service.
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