1. Phylogeny
Systematics Hypothesis
Cladistics
Derived character
Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Common name
Scientific
name
Binomial
nomenclature
Classification
Taxonomy
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class

2. Diversity of Life
There are over 2.5 million identified species
Some biologists believe there may be 20 million more that have not been discovered
How can you possibly keep track of all of these?

3. Why do we need to classify?
Imagine a store…..how do you know where to find the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same aisle? How is the store “organized”? Are all stores similar?
Imagine your computer or mp3 player…..are all of your songs and files in a single folder or do you have them grouped in some way?

4. ….this is why we CLASSIFY
When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items
….this is why we CLASSIFY
Even websites must  organize their products

5. Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms
Linnaeus to the Rescue!
Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system for naming organisms
Binomial Nomenclature is a system that gives each organism a two part scientific name
For Example: Red Maple = Acer rubrum
Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?

6. Classifying Organisms
Once Linnaeus had come up with a system for naming organisms he started to group them
Organisms were put into groups based on similar characteristics
These groups are called Taxa and the science of naming and grouping is called Taxonomy
Classification the grouping of information or objects based on similarities.

7. 7 Layer Classification System
Taxonomy uses a system of 7 levels of taxa
The organisms in each Taxon become more closely related as you move down the ladder
The Taxons in order of most general to most specific are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

9. Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos

10. Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms

11. Understand how to identify which species are more closely related.

12. Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Primate
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
The scientific name is always the genus + species
Humans = Homo sapiens
Photo by atomicshark

13. We only know about a fraction of the
organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to
each species they know about whether it’s alive
today or extinct.
The scientific name comes from one of two
“dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
Why use a dead language?

14. Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion? Photo Credits Sea Lion: Bill Lim
Ant Lion: Amphioxus Lion: law_keven
Sea Lion?
Antlion?
Lion?

15. Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?
Photo Credits
Panda: Chi King
Koala: Belgianchocolate
Black Bear: SparkyLeigh

16. Devil Cat

17. Ghost Cat

18. Mountain Lion

19. Screaming Cat

20. Puma

21. Florida Panther

22. Cougar

23. There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
Common names vary according to region.
Soooo……this is why we use a scientific name?

24. Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of biology called systematic taxonomy.
Biologists classify organisms by grouping them according to evolutionary descent, not physical characteristics.
Systematics, as systematic taxonomy is commonly called, is the study of the evolution of biological diversity.
                        

25. A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms.
Why a hypothesis?

26. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence:
    Fossil record
    Morphology
    Embryological patterns of development
    Chromosomes and DNA

29. Cladograms
Uses derived characteristics to show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

30. Cladistics - is a relatively new system of phylogenetics classification that uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships.
Derived Characters: Characteristics that appear more recently in a group but are not seen in older organisms

34. The Dichotomous Key
A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism.
The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

35. 1. Has green colored body ......go to 2
Has purple colored body go to 4
2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs Deerus octagis
3. Has a tail Deerus pestis Does not have a tail Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to Has ears Deerus purplinis Does not have ears Deerus deafus

36. Check for Understanding
1.  Fill in the blanks:   Kingdom,  _____________,  Class, Order,  ________________,  Genus,  _______________
2.  Which two groups are used for an organism's scientific name? 
3.  Which of the following pairs is MOST closely related?
            Acer rubrum  &  Acer  saccharum
            Acer rubrum  &  Chenopodium rubrum
4. The system we use for naming is called  ____________ nomenclature.
5.  The science of classification is called ________________

37. Check for Understanding
6. A diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship is a ________________________
7. A characteristic that appears only in recent members is called a ________________ character
8. The study of evolutionary relationships is called __________________________
9. A system to find the name of an unknown organism is a _______________________ key

38. 3 Domain System

39. • Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Includes other members of old kingdom Monera
Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made
up of eukaryotic cells
– Protista
– Fungi
– Animalia
– Plantae

40. The Kingdoms
There are currently 6 kingdoms – all organisms can be placed into one of those 6.
Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria
Number of cells
How it obtains energy
Type of cell

41. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic (must consume food)
Photo by Tambako the Jaguar
Multicellular
Heterotrophic (must consume food)
Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus)
Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, humans
Photo by Eduardo Amorim

42. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular
Autotrophic (can make own food; photosynthesis)
Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus)
Photo by hira3

43. Kingdom Fungae Multicellular (most) Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)
Eukaryotic
Photos by nutmeg66

44. Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular
Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic
Eukaryotes (all have nucleus)
Examples: Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae
Most live in water
Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA **/** WATER PROJECT

45. Kingdom Eubacteria & Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)
Eubacteria = common bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella)
Archaebacteria = “ancient bacteria”, exist in extreme environments

46. Classification of Living Things
Kingdoms and Domains
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Methanogens, halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
Eukaryote
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Eukarya
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

47. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN BACTERIA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA

48. Eukaryotic Cell

49. Prokaryotic Cell

50. Endosymbiotic Theory

52. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food.
Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs
that recycle dead organisms by breaking them
down.