1. The Growth of a New Nation AHSGE Social Studies Review
Chapter 4 Notes
The Growth of a New Nation
AHSGE Social Studies Review

2. Vocabulary/ Terms/ People
Tariff of Congress protected American industries from competing with lower priced European goods by raising taxes on imports
Manifest Destiny- the belief that it was God’s will that the US expand and possess the entire continent (sea to shining sea)
Underground Railroad- a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North

3. Vocabulary/ Terms/ People
Reservations- tiny parcels of poor land where Indians were sent to live
Utopia- an ideal community where all would live in peace and harmony
Suffragette- women who worked for women’s right to vote
Celibacy- single life without sex
Annexed- added
Abolish- put an end to it

4. James Monroe Fifth President of the United States Era of Good Feeling
Mood during Monroe’s presidency
Marked by optimism and national unity

5. Monroe Doctrine
Promise by President Monroe to prevent European nations from recolonizing North and South America
The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries or independent countries in the Americas
The US would oppose any European intervention in independent countries in the Americas as an unfriendly act
The American continents should not be considered for further colonization by European countries

6. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration
Treaty of Paris (1783)-
Signed by Great Britain and US at the end of the Revolutionary War
Britain recognized the independence of the United States
The US now had established and recognized borders (Canada to the North, the Mississippi River to the West, the Atlantic Ocean on the East, and the northern border of Spanish Florida in the South)

7. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration
Land Ordinance of 1785-
Written under the Articles of Confederation
Land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new states
Each area had to meet a population requirement to apply for statehood

8. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration
Northwest Ordinance (1787)-
Allowed for the creation of 3-5 states in the Northwest Territory
It prohibited slavery in the territory
People who lived there were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free public education
Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this territory

9. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration
Louisiana Purchase-
Purchased by the US from France/ Napoleon for $15 million
This land purchased was the largest land purchase made by the US and doubled the size of the US
Marked a turning point- US began seeking economic prosperity from the new western lands instead of England

10. Land Acquisitions/ Exploration
Lewis and Clark Expedition-
Set out from St. Louis to explore Louisiana Purchase to the coast of the Pacific Ocean
Sacajawea- interpreter (translator) and guide for Louis and Clark
Alabama- became a state in 1819

11. Territorial Expansion, 1783-1853

12. Territorial Expansion, 1783-1853
1783- Treaty of Paris (Original United States territory)
1803- Louisiana Purchase
1818- Territory ceded by Britain
1819- Alabama became a state
1819- Florida Cession
1845- Texas Annexation
1846- Oregon Territory
1848- Mexican Cession
1853- Gadsden Purchase

13. Important Inventions Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
Introduced the idea of interchangeable parts
Robert Fulton- developed the first effective steamboat called the Clermont
George Stephenson- steam powered locomotive called the Rocket

14. Henry Clay’s American System
Senator from Kentucky
Proposed the American System- a balance between those favoring state’s rights and strong federal government
American System
Tariff of raised taxes on imports
Internal improvements (Roads and canals)
National Bank- the Second Bank of the United States stabilized currency and held government funds

15. Roads and Canals
National Road- federally funded road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
Erie Canal-
Linked Buffalo, NY on Lake Erie with Albany, NY on the Hudson River
Started a new era of transportation and prosperity for New York

16. Andrew Jackson First man born into poverty that became president
Jacksonian Democracy- property qualifications for voting white males were dropped during his presidency
Developed the spoils system- policy of removing political opponents from government and replacing them with political friends

17. Andrew Jackson Doctrine of Nullification
Promoted by Senator John Calhoun from South Carolina
Doctrine stated that if Congress passes a bill that is harmful to a particular state, that state is not obliged to enforce the federal law
If ¾ of the states believed a law unconstitutional, the law would be null and void

18. Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act-
Five Native American nations were required to move to land west of the Mississippi River (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminoles)
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Indian Nations had a right to stay
President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling and sent troops to force the removal of the Indians

19. Andrew Jackson
Trail of Tears- the journey of thousands of Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaws who were forced to leave their homelands in the Southeast and move to reservations in Oklahoma
Reservations- tiny parcels of poor land where Indians were sent to live

20. The Trails Oregon Trail- Started by Nathaniel Wyeth
Led an expedition to colonize the coast of Oregon by the Columbia River
Colonization attempt failed, but it did provide a way for settlers to reach the Pacific Coast

21. The Trails The Mormon Trail- The California Trail Led by Brigham Young
Left Navoo, Illinois and traveled to the Salt Lake area of present day Utah
The California Trail
Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento
Tens of thousands began migrating to California in search of gold
Trail began in Independence, Missouri

22. The Trails Santa Fe Trail- Trail started at Independence, Missouri
Was a wagon route that President Monroe ordered established to increase trading with Mexico in Santa Fe

23. Literature of the US
Noah Webster- produced the first American dictionary to distinguish language of the US from Britain
Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and a poet and a leader in the transcendental movement (spiritual unity of creation)
Henry David Thoreau- writer, philosopher, and naturalist; works are “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience”
Emily Dickenson- regarded as one of the most influential poets of the US

24. Social Utopias
Utopia- an ideal community where all would live in peace and harmony
Amish-
A Christian sect that established farming communities in Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada
Lived a life of simplicity and hard work
Quakers
Founded by George Fox
Believed in personal divine revelation
Objected to war and slavery

25. Social Reform Movements
Temperance Movement- advocated total abstinence from alcohol
Maine Laws- regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol
Abolition Movement- advocated laws to abolish slavery
Harriet Tubman- escaped slavery and helped lead other slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad

26. Social Reform Movements
Frederick Douglass- former slave who spoke for the abolition movement
Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
William Lloyd Garrison- founded an influential, anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator; helped establish the national American Anti-slavery Society
Sojourner Truth- African American leader of abolition and women’s rights

27. Social Reform Movements
Women’s Rights Movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- organized the first women’s rights convention known as the Seneca Falls Convention
Susan B Anthony- supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol, the abolition of slavery, and women’s rights movement
19th amendment- women’s right to vote

28. Social Reform Movements
Dorothea Dix- improved housing for mentally ill and prisoners
Horace Mann- first state Board of Education in the United States