1. Language- an abstract cognitive system which allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances
Dialect- a variety of language, defined by geographical factors and social factors
Idiolect- the language variety of a single speaker

2. Pragmatics- Semantics- Syntax- Morphology- Phonology- Phonetics-
function of language
Semantics-
meaning of language
Syntax-
structure of sentences
Morphology-
structure of words
Phonology-
structure of sounds
Phonetics-
formation of sounds

3. Arbitrariness:
The meaning of a linguistic sign is not predictable from
The form, nor is the form dictated by the meaning.
Form:
Meaning: P I Z Z A

4. biscuit
cookie
Keks
biscoito
galleta
zzNY`%%%GB

5. Onomatopoeia- Sound Symbolism- When words are imitative of natural
When sounds are evocative of a
particular meaning (without being
directly imitative)

6. Linguists care more about spoken language because:
Spoken language is older than written language
Spoken language is more common than written language
Writing must be taught, but spoken language is acquired automatically

7. Prescriptive-
Making rules about how language should be used
Descriptive-
Describing how language is actually used