1. 18th Century Nationalism

2. Germany formed Leader : Otto von Bismarck “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik >> “Blood & Iron” speech
Unification: Zollverein > 1848 Frankfurt Assembly > War to gain land + unite people
3 Wars: Danish, Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian
Development:
Resources > Industrialization = Steel, Chemical
Crush opponents + Kulturkampf v RCC (failed)
Outcome: German Reich (Empire) created 1871
Wilhelm II (Kaiser)
Industrial powerhouse w/ Social Welfare programs
Nationalism: Used to unite Germans

3. Italy formed Leaders: Unification: Constitutional Monarchy 1861
Mazzini: Young Italy 1840s
Failed b/c French interfered
Cavour: 1850s used war + alliances to gain land
Garibaldi: 1860s Red Shirts (S) fight, unites with Cavour (N) to avoid civil war
Unification: Constitutional Monarchy 1861
King Victor Emmanuel II
Challenges: N (biz) v. S (agri) differences,
RCC (Papacy) 
Outcome:Modern Italy 1871
Italy + Venice + Papal States > Rome is capitol
Nationalism: Used to unite Italians

4. Russia & Romanov Dynasty
Crimean War EXPOSES R weakness
R loses v. OE + GB + F 1850s
Tsar Alexander II = Reformer
Emancipates serfs + Zemstvos + laws, but killed!
Tsar Alexander III = Autocrat
Secret Police, Censorship, Russification, Pogroms
Industrialized >> Trans-Siberian RR
Tsar Nicholas II = Error prone?
Bloody Sunday > R-J War loss > Revolt 1905
Duma created, dissolved  

5. Austria >> Austria-Hungary
Hapsburg control
Conservative!
Multi-ethnic, national
Francis-Joseph reign
Limited reforms
Dual Monarchy
Ferenc Deak led
Separate nations but same king
Nationalism
Creates Austria-Hungary but…
Causes unrest…

6. Ottoman Empire Multi-ethnic, national Muslims, Christians, Jews
“Sick Man of Europe” = weak!
External
Balkan Wars
Loses land to Russia & A-H
Internal
Corruption & poor leadership
Ethnic revolts: Greeks, Serbs

7. 1800s Nationalism Force for unification Force for independence
Germany & Italy
Force for independence
Greece, Serbia, Hungary (A-H)
Force for division
Austria-Hungary,Ottoman & Russian empires
Reform or not reform
Multi-ethnic
Modernize or remain traditional