1. Italy, Austria, the Ottoman Empire and Russia

2. Section 3: Unifying Italy#

3. How did influencial Leaders help to create A unified Italy?
Summary Question
How did influencial Leaders help to create A unified Italy?

4. Summary
Camillo Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Anarchist
emigration

5. Unifying Italy
For centuries, Italy was based on regional not unified power (under control of Austria, France, and the Pope)
Giuseppe Mazzine in 1830s founded Young Italy (Italian nationalist) – nationalism based on common language and history

6. 1852 – Victor Emmanuel – constitutional monarch
Hired Count Camillo Cavour prime minister (monarchist and realpolitik) wanted to unify Italy
Created wars to end Austrian / French rule

7. Giuseppe Garibaldi – led Red Shirt nationalists and gained control of Sicily and Naples
Gave control of Sicily and Naples to Cavour
1870 – Italy becomes a united nation

8. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires #241-244

9. Summary Question
How did the desire for National independence among ethnic Groups weaken and ultimately Destroy the Austrian and Ottoman Empires?

10. Vocabulary
Francis Joseph
Ferenc Deak
Dual Monarchy

11. Austria Hapsburgs – oldest ruling house in Europe
Multi-national empire – German minority with Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Hungarians, and Italians
1848 – 1916 – Francis Joseph ruled empire

12. 1866 – creation of dual monarchy – Austria and Hungary
Austria-Hungary = separate states, own constitutions/Parliament; Francis Joseph ruled both; finance, defense, and foreign affairs shared

13. Ottoman Empire collapses
Eastern Europe, Balkans, North Africa to Middle East
Serbia won autonomy in 1830
Southern Greece independent 1830s
Balkans – “powder keg of Europe” – assassination of Austrian prince led to WWI

14. Europeans viewed the empire as “sick man of Europe”
European powers wanted to divide up the empire for themselves
Empire collapsed in 1916

15. Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction #246-251

16. Summary Question
Why did industrialization and Reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

17. Vocabulary Colussus Alexandar II Crimean war Emancipation Zemstvo
Pogrom
Refugees
Duma
Peter Stolypin

18. Russia Absolute rulers Land-owning nobles dominated society
Majority of Russians were serfs; bound to the land with masters who controlled land

19. Alexander II takes throne in 1855
Reforms in 1861 – emancipation of serfs, creation of local govts. – zemstvos; trial by jury, eased censorship
Results – Alexander II assassinated for his efforts on March 13, 1881

20. Alexander III replaced him and removed reforms, increased power to secret police; one language (Russian), one church (Russian Orthodox); non-Russians persecuted; Jews subject to pogroms – refugees to USA and Palestine

21. Beginning in 1890s, Nicholas II in charge – encouraged industrial development
At same time, socialist revolutionaries preached ideas of Karl Marx

22. Bloody Sunday – January 22, 1905 – protesters demanded shorter hours and better wages; government reform; military troops fired on protestors – 100s killed/wounded

23. October 1905 – October Manifesto “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union”; no law passed without Duma (elected national legislature)