1. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
4/1/2017
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Section 1: The Age of Invention
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
CHAPTER 6--THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. READING/CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
HOW DID THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEEL AND OIL REFINING AFFECT U.S. INDUSTRY?
WHAT INNOVATIONS WERE MADE IN TRANSPORTATION?
HOW DID INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CHANGE BUSINESS PRACTICES AND DAILY LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES?
HOW DID THOMAS EDISON’S RESEARCH LABORATORY CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

3. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
DURING THE LATE 1800S, NEW TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTIONS LED TO THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY,

4. Section 1: The Age of Invention
OIL REFINING
RESULTED IN THE PRODUCTION OF KEROSENE FOR FUEL AND LIGHT
ALLOWED THE MANUFACTURING OF OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
HELPED MACHINERY OPERATE

5. OIL
IN THE MID-1800S PEOPLE BEGAN TO REFINE OIL FOUND ON COASTAL WATERS AND LAKES FOR KEROSENE LAMPS.
IN 1859 EDWIN L. DRAKE DRILLED FOR OIL IN PENNSYLVANIA, STARTING THE FIRST COMMERCIAL OIL WELL.
WILDCATTERS, OR OIL PROSPECTORS, STRUCK OIL NEAR BEAUMONT, TEXAS, WHICH BEGAN THE TEXAS OIL BOOM.
IT LASTED LESS THAN 20 YEARS, BUT OIL REMAINS BIG BUSINESS IN TEXAS TO THIS DAY.

6. Section 1: The Age of Invention
STEEL REFINING
PROVIDED A STRONG, CHEAP SOURCE OF BUILDING MATERIAL
ALLOWED EXPANSION OF THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY
ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION OF MORE COMPLEX MACHINES AND TALLER BUILDINGS

7. STEEL
IN THE 1850S A NEW METHOD MADE STEEL-MAKING FASTER AND CHEAPER AND BY 1910 THE U.S. WAS THE WORLD’S TOP STEEL PRODUCER.
STEEL HELPED TRANSFORM THE U.S. INTO A MODERN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY.
IT WAS USED TO MAKE BRIDGES, LOCOMOTIVES, AND TALLER BUILDINGS.
FACTORIES USED STEEL MACHINERY TO MAKE GOODS FASTER.

8. 1850’S – THE BESSEMER PROCESS ALLOWED STEEL TO BE PRODUCED CHEAPLY.
THE STEEL INDUSTRY
1850’S – THE BESSEMER PROCESS ALLOWED STEEL TO BE PRODUCED CHEAPLY.
BESSEMER CONVERTER, KELHAM ISLAND MUSEUM, SHEFFIELD, ENGLAND (2002)
Henry Bessemer

9. Steel: Vertical Integration Rolling The billets and slabs are
heated and rolled into
finished products.
Raw Materials
Example: Iron Ore 1 4
Melting
Hot air is pumped into
a furnace, melting iron at
1600 degrees Celsius.
(2,912 degrees F)
Casting
The liquid steel is cast into
billets and slabs. 2 3
Refining
Impurities are removed and alloys
are added from the molten metal
through the use of a ladle.

10. TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS
Section 1: The Age of Invention
TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS
RAILROADS PROMOTED WESTERN SETTLEMENT, URBAN GROWTH, AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.
AUTOMOBILES BECAME A SUBSTANTIAL INDUSTRY.
AIRPLANES INTRODUCED NEW POSSIBILITIES.

11. INVENTORS REVOLUTIONIZE COMMUNICATION
TELEGRAPH
SAMUEL F. B. MORSE INVENTED THE TELEGRAPH IN 1837, WHICH SENT MESSAGES INSTANTLY OVER WIRES USING ELECTRICITY.
OPERATORS TAPPED OUT PATTERNS OF LONG AND SHORT SIGNALS THAT STOOD FOR LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET, CALLED MORSE CODE.
THE TELEGRAPH GREW WITH THE RAILROADS, BECAUSE TRAIN STATIONS HAD TELEGRAPH OFFICES

12. Two inventors devised ways to transmit voices by using electricity.
Alexander Graham Bell patented his design first, in 1876.
By 1900 there were more than a million telephones in offices and households across the country.

13. TYPEWRITER MANY INVENTORS TRIED TO CREATE A WRITING MACHINE.
CHISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES, A MILWAUKEE PRINTER, DEVELOPED THE FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITER IN 1867.
HE LATER IMPROVED IT BY DESIGNING THE KEYBOARD THAT IS STILL STANDARD FOR COMPUTERS TODAY.
BUSINESSES BEGAN TO HIRE WOMAN AS TYPISTS.

14. THOMAS ALVA EDISON
THOMAS ALVA EDISON WAS ONE OF AMERICA’S MOST FAMOUS INVENTORS.
IN 1876 EDISON OPENED HIS OWN RESEARCH LABORATORY IN MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY, WHERE HE HIRED ASSISTANTS WITH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO THINK CREATIVELY AND WORK HARD.
EDISON SPENT HOURS TESTING IDEAS, AND HIS TEAM SOON INVENTED THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH AND A TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER.
EDISON WAS THE FIRST TO COME UP WITH A SAFE ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB THAT COULD LIGHT HOMES AND STREET LAMPS.
HE THEN UNDERTOOK A VENTURE TO BRING AN ELECTRICITY NETWORK TO NEW YORK CITY, AND IN 1882 HE INSTALLED A LIGHTING SYSTEM POWERED BY HIS OWN ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS SIMILAR TO ONES THAT WERE LATER BUILT ALL OVER THE U.S.
EDISON AND HIS TEAM LATER INVENTED A MOTION PICTURE CAMERA AND PROJECTOR. IN ALL, HE HELD OVER 1,000 U.S. PATENTS.

15. COMMUNICATIONS INNOVATIONS
Section 1: The Age of Invention
COMMUNICATIONS INNOVATIONS
THE TELEGRAPH ALLOWED BUSINESSES TO PLACE LONG-DISTANCE ORDERS QUICKLY.
THE TELEPHONE BROUGHT BOTH BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER.
THE TYPEWRITER ALLOWED THE QUICK PRODUCTION OF LEGIBLE DOCUMENTS.

16. Thomas Edison’s research laboratory
Section 1: The Age of Invention
Thomas Edison’s research laboratory
THE LIGHT BULB
THE PHONOGRAPH
EARLY MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA

17. Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
Objectives:
WHAT ARGUMENTS DID BUSINESS LEADERS AND SOCIAL CRITICS MAKE ABOUT THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BUSINESS?
HOW DID BUSINESS STRATEGIES CHANGE DURING THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
HOW DID ENTREPRENEURS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF CHANGES IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION?
HOW DID NEW METHODS OF MARKETING PRODUCTS CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE?

18. CONCERNING GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN BUSINESS
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
CONCERNING GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN BUSINESS
BUSINESS LEADERS:
INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE SELF-RELIANT.
BUSINESSES PROSPER MOST WITHOUT GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE.
GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE REDUCES SELF-RELIANCE.
SOCIAL CRITICS:
FACTORY LIFE AND POOR WORKING CONDITIONS HARM WORKERS.
ALL CITIZENS SHOULD OWN ALL MEANS OF PRODUCTION.
GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE WOULD PREVENT THE BEST BUSINESSES FROM RISING TO THE TOP.

19. NEW BUSINESS STRATEGIES
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
NEW BUSINESS STRATEGIES
INCORPORATION
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

20. Entrepreneurs take advantage
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
Entrepreneurs take advantage
Carnegie created corporations and used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry.
Rockefeller created corporations and used horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry.
Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad lines.
Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and controlled new railroad technologies.

21. Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
NEW MARKETING METHODS
USE OF BRAND NAMES AND SPECIAL PACKAGING
ADVERTISING
DEPARTMENT STORES
CATALOGS
CHAIN STORES

22. Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
Objectives:
WHY DID SOME AMERICANS WANT TRUSTS TO BE BANNED, AND HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT RESPOND?
WHAT TYPES OF WORKING CONDITIONS DID LABORERS FACE IN THE NEW AGE OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION?
HOW DID THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF MANY WORKERS?
HOW DID BUSINESSES REACT TO STRIKES IN THE LATE 1800S, AND HOW DID THIS AFFECT UNIONS?

23. SECTION 3: LABOR STRIVES TO ORGANIZE
THE BANNING OF TRUSTS
DESIRED BECAUSE OF BELIEF THAT WITHOUT COMPETITION, LARGE MONOPOLIES WOULD HAVE NO REASON TO MAINTAIN QUALITY OR KEEP PRICES LOW
NOT ACCOMPLISHED DESPITE PASSAGE OF THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

24. Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
Working conditions
LOW PAY
LONG HOURS
UNSAFE ENVIRONMENTS
POSSIBILITY OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

25. Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
The Knights of Labor
INCLUDED BOTH SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS
INCLUDED WOMEN AND, LATER, AFRICAN AMERICANS
ORGANIZED STRIKES, MARCHES, AND DEMONSTRATIONS
EDUCATED AND ORGANIZED WORKERS

26. Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize
Strikes in the late 1800s
Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, lockouts, and violence.
Business tactics hurt many unions and caused skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones.