1. C ONDITIONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS Watson & Rayner, 1920

2. AIMS 1. To investigate whether it is possible to condition a fear of an animal in a baby 2. To see whether that fear would be transferred to other animals and objects ?

3. A IMS 3. To investigate the effect of time on such conditioned emotional responses 4. If the responses do not extinguish themselves, then to investigate what laboratory methods can be devised for their removal ?

4. P ARTICIPANT Little Albert aged 9 months - 1 year 21 days Mother a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children This was where Albert had been raised Albert normal Stolid and unemotional

5. No one had ever seen him in a state of fear or rage. The infant practically never cried.

6. We felt we could do him relatively little harm by carrying out experiments such as those outlined below...

7. P ROCEDURE Method Single case study conducted under laboratory conditions Using observational techniques to record data

8. P ROCEDURE Approx 9 months Little Albert was shown a series of stimuli White rat Rabbit Dog Monkey Masks Cotton wool Burning newspapers At NO time did Little Albert show any fear Neutral stimuli

9. P ROCEDURE 8 months & 26 days 1. A steel bar was struck with a sharp blow behind Alberts head Albert showed startled reaction 2. The steel bar was struck again Albert again showed a startled reaction & his lips puckered and trembled 3. The steel bar was struck for the third time Albert started crying Unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus

10. P ROCEDURE Establishment of conditioned emotional responses 11 months and three days A white rat was taken from a basket and presented to Albert Just as he reached for the rat the steel bar was struck behind his head Little Albert showed a fear reaction by jumping violently and falling forward

11. P ROCEDURE 11 months 10 days 1. The rat was presented without the steel bar and Albert was hesitant to touch the animal This shows the procedure that was performed the previous week had had some effect... Then the experimental procedure began again... 2. The rat and steel bar were presented together Little Albert started and fell over

12. P ROCEDURE 3. Joint stimulation again. Albert fell over again and turn away from the rat 4. Joint stimulation – same reaction 5. Rat presented alone – Albert whimpers and withdraws his body 6. Joint stimulation. Albert fell over again and started to whimper 7. Joint stimulation. Albert started violently and cried!

13. P ROCEDURE 8. Rat presented alone – Albert cries and crawls away so quickly that he almost falls off the table Conditioned emotional response Conditioned stimulus

14. It takes seven joint stimulation trials in all to make Little Albert cry and establish the fear response!

15. P ROCEDURE TESTING AIM 2 – W ILL A LBERT ' S FEAR RESPONSE GENERALISE TO OTHER OBJECTS ? 11 months 15 days 1. Albert is shown the rat again and shows a fear response 2. Albert is then shown a rabbit. He show a fear response by whimpering then bursting into tears and buried his head in the mattress then crawled off crying

16. PROCEDURE Little Albert shows a similar fear response to: Fur coat Cotton wool Santa mask A dog

17. P ROCEDURE TESTING AIM 3 – THE EFFECT OF TIME ON CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES No further conditioning experimentation was conducted on Little Albert for 31 days One Year 21 days Little Albert was presented with The Santa mask The Fur Coat The Rat The Dog He showed a fear response to all of them

18. These experiments seem to show conclusively that directly conditioned emotional responses as well as those conditioned by transfer, persist

19. Our view is that these responses in the home environment are likely to persist indefinitely