1. CH. 14 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CH INDUSTRY AND RAILROADS
AMERICAN HISTORY

2. The industrial revolution first began in the early 1800s with water and steam power
Late 1800s—new technologies help industry grow to new heights
Electrical power replaced steam and water
Faster transportation moved people and goods more cheaply
Dramatic growth caused the late 1800s to be called the Second Industrial Revolution
NEW INDUSTRIES EMERGE

3. MAKING STEEL
1850s—two inventors working on ways to make steel
William Kelly (US) used a blast of hot air to purify molten iron and convert it to steel
Henry Bessemer (GB) developed a similar method that he patented
American steel meals used the “Bessemer Process” to work faster and cheaper

4. 1873—US turned out 115,000 tons of steel
1910—output soared to 24,000,000 tons
Steel helped turn US into a modern industrial economy
Railroads found steel to be a superior material for locomotives and rails
Construction companies could build bigger bridges and taller buildings

5. THE START OF THE OIL INDUSTRY
Oil became another key commodity in the late 1800s for fuel and as a lubricant
Mid 1800s—oil refined into kerosene for lamps
Demand for kerosene skyrocketed
EDWIN L. DRAKE hired to extract oil from the ground in PA
August 1859—Drake’s crew hit a deep crevice in the rock
Oil seeped up, men collected it in a bath tub
First commercial oil well

6. WILDCATTERS—oil prospectors
January 1901– rich oil pocket found by Anthony F. Lucas at Spindletop Hill near Beaumont, TX
Oil gushed 100 feet in the air for 9 days before the well was capped
Spindletop kicked off an oil boom in TX
>17 million barrels of oil in 1902
By 1904 production was down by 80%

7. First oil boom in TX lasted <20 years
World’s leading oil companies started at Spindletop
Exxon Mobile, Gulf Oil, Texaco
Oil refined into kerosene, gasoline, and other fuels
These fuels would lead to revolutions in transportation and industry

8. 1850s-railroads tracks crisscross the Northeast and reached into the southeast and Great Lakes area
—mileage of train tracks increased 500%
Federal government gave railroads millions of acres of land
Some land was sold to finance construction
RAILROADS EXPAND

9. Cheap steel helped railroads
Steel: $50 per ton; late 1890s-- $12 per ton
A TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
1862—Congress authorizes 2 companies to build rail lines to the west coast
Companies raced to complete the project over the next 6.5 years

10. Union Pacific laid track westward from Omaha, NE
Thousands of immigrants hired: Irish, German, English, African American, Native American
Workers made progress because the land was flat or gently rolling hills
Central Pacific laid track eastward from Sacramento, CA

11. These workers (Chinese) had tougher terrain
They crossed deserts, blasted through granite mountains, and faced attacks from Native Americans
May 10, 1869—two rail lines meet at Promontory Summit, UT
“…Never has history recorded completion of work so magnificent…”—Dr. H.W. Harkness

12. THE EFFECTS OF EXPANSION
Railroads promoted trade and provided jobs
Demand for rails and railcars gave a boost to steel and manufacturing
Railroads increased the settlement of the west
Trip from East to West took just a few days

13. New towns sprung up along railroads
Railroads led to the adoption of standard time
Michigan had 27 local time zones and Wisconsin had 38
C.F. Dowd (NY school principal) proposed dividing the earth into time zones
All towns in a time zone would have the same time

14. Railroads adopted standard time in 1883
Congress adopted standard time for the nation in 1918
THE END