1. Portuguese traded for: ivory, pepper, animal skins and gold
Trade= basis for contact between Africans and Portuguese
Catholic missionaries went to Benin, Kongo, and other places
Kongo= king Nzinga Muemba converts his entire kingdom
Enslavement of his subjects  limits on Portuguese

2. How they saw each other
Africans viewed Portuguese as strange but incorporated them into their world
Portuguese saw Africans as savages who could be civilized and converted

3. European Colonies in Africa
Colonies very small, but with lots of missionary work
By 17th century, Dutch, French, English and others begin to get involved
By 1600, slave trade dominates all commerce

4. Statistics
Between 1450 and 1750, 12 million Africans transported across Atlantic
10-20% mortality rates
10-11 million survived
Rate of transport increases over time
80% transported between 1700s and 1800s
High volume necessary due to high mortality and low fertility

5. Slave trade with Muslim world continues
Rates of trade reflect changing economic and political situation in the New World
Slave trade with Muslim world continues
3 million transported between 1450 and 1750
Wars increase in Africa as both cause and effect of slave trade

6. Demographics Trade with Muslim world tended to focus on women
Atlantic slave trade tended to focus on men
African population reduced by half of what it would have been without slave trade by 1750

7. Organization Portuguese controlled up until 1630
Dutch seized control of El Mina in 1637, became major competitors
1660 English charter Royal African Company to engage in slave trade
18th century, France becomes a major trader

8. Both Africans and Europeans involved in slave trade
Not any more profitable than any other trade of its time
Part of Triangular trade
Drew African economy into world economy
Resulted in African economies becoming dependent on trade with Europe

9. Part II: African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade
Slavery had existed in Africa prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade
Usually focused on enslavement of women
Islamic forms of slavery also introduced
Existence of slavery helped Europeans mobilize commerce of slaves by tapping into existing routes

10. Slaving and African Politics
Most states in western and central Africa were small and unstable
Increasing frequency of wars led to increasing need for improved weaponry
Power shifted due to European coastal presence
Inland kingdoms gained power by gaining guns and working as intermediaries to the Europeans in the slave trade

11. Asante Gained access to firearms in 1650 and began expanding
Became the dominant power on the gold coast up until 1820

12. Dahomey Emerged as a power in the 1720
Used access to firearms to form an autocratic state
Primary economic activity relied on the slave trade
Growth of absolute rulers paralleled the rise of absolutism in Europe
Like in Europe, attempts were made to limit royal authority

13. East Africa and Sudan
Swahili towns continue commerce in gold, ivory, and slaves with Middle Eastern markets
Bantu speaking people dominated the region
18th century saw Islamization

14. By the 1840, new political units were created
Attempts were made to stamp out paganism and illiteracy
Large numbers of captives from the religious wars were shipped down the coast to Europeans
By the 19th century slaves made up to 50% op the population of this region

15. Part III: White Settlers and Africans in South Africa

16. South Africa
By 16th Century, Bantu-speakers occupy southern East Africa
Chiefdoms varied in size and power
Expansion  Competition and conflict

17. 1652- Dutch East India Company establishes the Cape Colony
Dutch enslave local Africans
1760s Dutch cross Orange River
Dutch gov’t attempts to limit settlement and slavery, but fails
Boers move north, “Great Trek” to avoid gov’t regulations

18. Mfecane and Zulu Rise to Power
1818 rule of Nguni people passes to Shaka
Shaka builds new military and political organization (Zulu)
Zulu begin Mfecane in 1840s
Fighting between Boers and Zulu
1870 Britain crushes Zulu and end Zulu Wars, the assert control over South Africa

19. Part IV: African Diaspora

20. Slave trade links Africa to World Economy
Slavery is grueling and deadly
Middle Passage: passage to Americas
Slaves worked in Plantations and Mines
Hierarchy created by Slave owners to prevent uprisings
People lose local African identity
Create new family units
Growth of communities of runaway
slaves