1. Chapter 17: An Age of Exploration and Expansion

2. Exploring New Lands Main Reason for Exploration: New Wealth
Spices and Asian luxury goods made many merchants wealthy during Crusades
Simple Supply and Demand
How it worked Early:
Muslims brought goods from the East to Mediterranean and sold to Italians
Italians took goods and spread over W. Europe
This became very Expensive for Europeans
To bypass the Italians, Trade routes were found

3. The other goal: Spread Christianity
Europeans believed it was their sacred duty to:
fight Muslims
convert non-Christians

4. Technology New Advances made Exploration possible
Caravel: sturdy new sea vessel
Triangular sails allowed movement against wind
Astrolabe: Allowed for better Navigation
Compass

5. The Portuguese Leaders in European Exploration
Had great govt. support
Prince Henry: Great Supporter
Wanted to locate the treasures of the east
Founded a navigation school
Helped set up trading posts on African coast
Gold and Ivory!
1448: Bartolomeu Dias reaches African tip
1497: Vasco da Gama begins explring E. Africa Coast
Reaches India in 1498
Cargo from the trip was worth 60X what the trip cost to make

6. The Spanish do work
1492: Columbus sailed across the Atlantic in search of Asia
Found the Caribbean, thought it was Asia
Led to European Colonization of America
Rivalry between Spain and Portugal
Ferdinand Magellan
Magellan passed through a waterway along the tip of South America, Strait of Magellan
Philippines, but indigenous people there killed Magellan

7. New Lands to Explore Treaty of Tordesillas
called for a boundary line extending from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of the South American continent.
treaty gave Portugal control over its route around Africa
gave Spain rights to almost all of the Americas

8. John Cabot, explored the New England coastline of the Americas on behalf of England
Portuguese sea captain Pedro Cabral landed in South America in 1500, which established Portugal’s claim to the region later named Brazil
Amerigo Vespucci, His letters describing the lands he saw led to the use of the name America (after Amerigo) for the new lands.

9. The Spanish Empire
Conquistadors: firearms, organizational skills, and determination brought them extraordinary success
Conquest of the Aztec:
Hernán Cortés landed at Veracruz,
Cortés marched to Tenochtitlán with a small number of troops—550 soldiers and 16 horses

10. as he went, he made alliances
La Malinche
Cortés arrived at Tenochtitlán and was welcomed by the Aztec monarch Montezuma
one year after Cortés had first arrived, the local population revolted and drove the invaders from the city
many Aztec fell sick and died, especially from smallpox carried to the Americas by the Spaniards

11. Francisco Pizarro landed on the Pacific coast of South America with only a small band of about 180 men
Pizarro brought steel weapons, gunpowder, horses, and smallpox
Pizarro captured Atahuallpa
Pizarro had established a new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire.

12. Portugal’s Trading Empire
1500:Continued to Expand East from India
Goa (Western Indian Coast) was capital
Gained control of the “Spice Islands”
Europeans like this Empire
It was much cheaper than paying the Italians
Most goods were 1/5 the price
Other nations followed soon after

13. Other Nations Challenge the Empire
1600: English and Dutch (Netherlands) take power from Portugal
Ned.: gains independence in 1581
Became a sea power thereafter
20,000 ship fleet largest in the world
Created East India Companies to improve trade
Dutch East India Company: more powerful than English
Soon had complete control of the region
Amsterdam becomes Europe’s leading commercial center

14. Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
In less than 300 years, the European age of exploration changed the world
European nations established many trading posts and colonies in the Americas and in the East.
these colonies played a role in the theory of mercantilism – favorable balance of trade

15. The Columbian Exchange
Colonization and trade drove the Columbian Exchange
Colonists established plantations to grow sugar, cotton, vanilla, and other crops introduced to the Americas
Europeans brought such plants and animals as wheat, citrus fruit, honeybees, horses, and cattle to the Americas

16. Agricultural products native to the Americas, such as potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, and tobacco, were shipped to Europe.

17. European Rivals in the East
Dutch formed the East India Company and gradually pushed the Portuguese out of the spice trade
the British had established a number of trading posts in India
English ships carried Indian-made cotton goods to the East Indies

18. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Spanish ship carried the first enslaved Africans directly from Africa to the Americas
The triangular trade
European manufactured goods, such as guns and cloth to Africa
enslaved Africans were then sent to the Americas and sold (middle passage)
merchants then bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and raw cotton in the Americas and shipped them back to Europe

19. Colonial Empires in Latin America
Colonial Latin America was divided by social classes that were based on status
Peninsulares - Creoles
Spanish rulers permitted intermarriage between Europeans and Native Americans -mestizos
the offspring of Africans and Europeans -mulattoes

20. Economic Foundations
Wealth for the Portuguese and Spanish came from resource extraction
Farming became a more enduring source of prosperity
the Spanish used the encomienda system