1. Do now activity #4 Describe the types of bone marrow.
What are the 4 categories of bone fracture classification? Describe all types.
What are the different types of fractures? Describe each.
How do doctors treat bone fractures? Why do they choose to use this type of treatment?
Describe the steps of bone fracture healing.
What is the difference between lacunae and lamellae?

2. chapter 6-4: Bone fractures
Essential Question:
List the stages of bone fracture healing in order.
chapter 6-4: Bone fractures
Learning Targets
List the types and characteristics of bone fractures.
Describe the common disorders of the bone.
Identify the effects of aging on bone.

3. announcements Chapter Test Retake (>70%)
Completed stamp sheet assignments
Retake score will be permanent
No retakes on Chapter 7 Bone Practical
Class website will be updated today
Check your Stamp Sheet to submit assignments on a timely basis
Quiz 2 scheduled for: Wednesday, 10/24/18
Quiz 2 scheduled for: Thursday, 10/25/18
Chapter 6 Test scheduled for: Tuesday, 10/30/18
Last Day to Stamp Chapter 6: Monday, 10/29/18

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5. Bone Fractures (Broken bones)
Bone fractures are classified by:
The position of the bone ends after fracture
Nondisplaced– bone ends retain their normal position
Displaced– bone ends are out of normal alignment
The completeness of the break
Complete – bone is broken all the way through
Incomplete – bone is not broken all the way through

6. Bone Fractures (Broken bones)—continued
3. The orientation of the bone to the long axis
Linear– the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
Transverse– the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
4. Whether or not the bone penetrate the skin
Compound (open)– bone ends penetrate the skin
Simple (closed) – bone ends do not penetrate the skin

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8. Common Types of Fractures
Comminuted – bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly
Spiral – ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
Depressed – broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

9. Common Types of Fractures—continued
Compression – bone is crushed; common in porous bones
Epiphyseal – epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying
Greenstick – incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children

10. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.1

11. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.2

12. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.3

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14. Bone fracture treatments
Bone are put back into position/realigned
reduction
Bone are immobilized by casts, braces or splints
Not allowed to move

15. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
1. Hematoma formation
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Figure

16. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Fibrocartilaginous
callus forms
Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture
Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris
Continued on next slide
Figure

17. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Osteoblasts and fibroblasts begin reconstructing the bone
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
Osteoblasts secrete a bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies

18. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
3. Bony callus formation
New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus
Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus
Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later
Figure

19. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
4. Bone remodeling
Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Figure

20. Cat of the Day!
What?

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22. Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteomalacia
Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency
Treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements

23. Homeostatic Imbalances
Rickets
Osteomalacia in children
Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency
Treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements
Mostly milk fortified with vitamin D

24. Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteoporosis
Group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
Occurs most often in postmenopausal women
Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures

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26. Osteoporosis: Treatment
Calcium and vitamin D supplements
Increased weight-bearing exercise
Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
Statins (drugs used to lower cholesterol) increase bone mineral density

27. Developmental Aspects of Bones
By age 25, nearly all bones are completely ossified
In old age, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
A single gene that codes for vitamin D docking determines both the tendency to accumulate bone mass early in life, and the risk for osteoporosis later in life

28. Kitten of the Day!