1. James McCalley (jdm@iastate.edu)
National Needs
James McCalley
REU Program, 2012

2. Sankey Diagram
40%
17%
26%

3. Unused Energy (Losses)
Solar, 0.09
Nuclear, 8.45
Hydro, 2.45
Wind, 0.51
Geothermal0.35
Natural Gas
Coal
22.42
Biomass 3.88
Petroleum
37.13
26.33
8.58
27.39
20.9
Unused Energy (Losses)
57.07
Electric Generation
39.97
12.68
Used Energy
42.15
Residential
11.48
Commercial
Industrial
23.94
Trans-portation
27.86
8.45
6.82
20.54
6.95
LightDuty: Q
Freight: Q
Aviation: Q 3 3

4. US ENERGY USE IS ABOUT 70% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION
GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM
US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS ABOUT 71% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION
* Anthropogenic 4

5. Unused Energy (Losses)
Solar, 1.0
Nuclear,15
Hydro, 2.95
Wind, 8.1
Geothermal 3.04
Natural Gas
Old Coal
10.42
Biomass 3.88
Petroleum
15.13
26.33
8.58
24.5
8.5
Unused Energy (Losses)
43.0
Electric Generation
49.72
12.68
Used Energy
42.15
Residential
11.48
Commercial
Industrial
23.94
Trans-portation
15.5 15
6.82
20.54
6.95
INCREASE Non-GHG
12Q to 30Q
USE 11Q Electric for transportation
REDUCE COAL 22Q TO 10Q
IGCC, 2.26
4.5Q
REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q
LightDuty: Q
Freight: Q
Aviation: Q 5 5

6. Technolgy
Forecasted
NERC, 2018
Hi Eff&Renewable
UCS (NEMS), 2030
Hi IGCC/CCS
NAE, 2035
Hi Wind
ISU, 2035
∆GW
Overnight cost
Trillion $
Con Solar
20.4
0.102
238
1.195 -
65.5
0.329
PV solar
174
1.051
58.9
0.356
Nuclear
14.8
0.049
4.4
0.015
100
0.332
60.9
0.202
Wind onshore
229
0.440
670
1.288
350
0.673
630
1.211
Wind offshore 62
0.239 80
0.307
Geothrml
0.4
.002
31.8
0.127
106
0.424
Coal convntnl 19
0.039
red
IGCC+seq 7
0.024
400
1.400
29.5
0.103
NGCC
107
Biomass
157
0.591
TOTALS
389
0.735
1344
4.516
850
2.405
1031
2.930 6

7. Why was wind growth in 2010/2011 less than in previous years?
Poor economy:
Less willingness to load, to build projects
Less power demand!
Declining natural gas prices 7

8. Background on Wind Energy in US
Percentage of New Capacity Additions.
N. GAS
WIND
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 8

9. Grand Challenge Question For Energy:
What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system? 9

10. Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?
SOLAR
GEOTHERMAL
CLEAN-FOSSIL
Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?
Wind
BIOMASS
NUCLEAR

11. Grand Challenges For Wind:
Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used
Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.
Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues).
Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture. 11