1. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union Dr. Jens Apfel Vice President Consulting

2. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 2 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

3. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 3 - Slag use for various applications has a long tradition in Europe Cement production Road construction Hydraulic engineering Fertilizer GENERAL APPLICATIONS FOR SLAG

4. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 4 - 15,2 Mio tons of steel slag have been produced in Europe in 2004 PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF STEEL SLAG Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

5. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 5 - 72 % of steel slag were recycled in Europe in 2004 USE OF STEEL SLAG IN EUROPE 2004 Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

6. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 6 - 24,6 Mio tons of blast furnace slag have been produced in Europe in 2004 and treated in three different ways. TREATMENT OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG 2004 Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

7. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 7 - Almost 65 % of blast furnace slag is used for cement production with no final deposit. USE OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN EUROPE 2004 Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

8. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 8 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

9. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 9 - EU Waste Framework Directive includes steel slag in the corresponding list of wastes Substance or object that the holder tends to discard, intends to discard or is required to discard. Treated slag can be seen as a product not waste. DEFINITION OF WASTE

10. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 10 - European Waste Catalogue does only name unprocessed slag as a waste Granulation Pelletisation Foaming Proper solidification connected with a specified heat treatment Separation, crushing, screening, milling EXAMPLES OF SLAG PROCESSING

11. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 11 - European Waste Shipment Regulation exclude processed slag from the waste list Slags arising from the manufacture of iron and steel (including low alloy steel) excluding those slags which have been specifically produced to meet both national and relevant international requirements and standards. Green list substances shall be generally excluded from control procedures of the regulation since such waste should normally not present a risk to environment. EUROPEAN WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (NO 259/93) GREEN LIST, GC 070:

12. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 12 - Principles of European Waste management say that steel slag has to be recycled WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

13. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 13 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

14. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 14 - Main application for steel slag is road construction ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE SLAG AS SUB BASE LAYER

15. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 15 - Steel slag can even be used for asphalt layers TEST ROAD ON GERMAN HIGHWAY

16. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 16 - Steel slag is an excellent material for bank reinforcement of rivers HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN RHINE RIVER, GERMANY

17. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 17 - Secondary metallurgy slag with high lime content can be used as self-binding construction material CART TRACKS MADE OF LF SLAG

18. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 18 - Various other applications are possible Earth works (dams, walls) Paving bed Fertilizer (only secondary metallurgy slags) Internal recycling (only secondary metallurgy slags) Additive for concrete

19. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 19 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

20. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 20 - Main slag processing is mechanical treatment of cold slag Hot slag from EAF Cooling by water spraying Raw slag with steel Iron separation Raw slag Crushing and screening Slag products Road aggregates rip rap chippings PRINCIPLE OF SLAG PROCESSING

21. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 21 - Quick cooling is important for technical and environmental properties COOLING AREA WITH WATER SPRAYING

22. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 22 - Steel recovery pays for the slag treatment IRON SEPARATION STEP

23. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 23 - Crushing and screening gives different products SCREENING PLANT FOR ASPHALT

24. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 24 - Products differ only in grain size distribution 50-150 mm 2-5 mm SLAG PRODUCTS

25. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 25 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

26. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 26 - Steel slag has to undergo a quality control process like any other process LIST OF TECHNICAL TESTS 1. Bulk density according to DIN 52110 Average value: 2,06 g/cm 3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45 2. Proctor density according to DIN 18127 Average value: 2,47 g/cm 3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45 3. FinesIn grain size range 0,0 – 0,063 mm from 0,2 to 0,4 weight.-%. 4. Destruction by beating SZ 8/12 Desired value 18,0 weight-% for chippings 5. Destruction by beating SD 10 Desired value 26,0 weight-% 6. Polished stone value (PSV) PSV 60, chippings for asphalt 7. Frost resistance Limit value 3,0 weight.-% 8. Volume stability Limit value 5,0 vol.-% 9. Inner angle of incline Average value 40 °

27. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 27 - Volume stability is main test to prove usability as construction material Content of FREE lime and FREE MgO CaO + H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 MgO + H 2 O Mg(OH) 2 Total content of Ca and Mg is not crucial Volume increase should be below 5 vol.-% REASONS FOR VOLUME INCREASE

28. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 28 - Volume stability is tested with water steam TESTING DEVICE FOR VOLUME STABILITY TEST

29. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 29 - Volume increase with this test should not be higher than 5 Vol.-% RESULT OF VOLUME STABILITY TEST OF BSW SLAG

30. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 30 - For environmental reasons the leaching properties of slag have to be tested Leaching of slag with defined grain size (solid matter-water ratio: 1:10) for 24 h (European standard) Most important limiting values for eluate are: pH value:< 12.5 Conductivity:< 100 mS/m Chromium:< 0,05 mg/l STANDARDISED EUROPEAN LEACHING TEST

31. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 31 - Germany has strict regulation on leaching properties ParameterUnitØ value 2005Limiting value pH-value 11,3 <12,5 ConductivitymS/m 62,2 100 Asmg/l 0,026 0,1 Pbmg/l <0,005 0,1 Cdmg/l <0,0005 0,005 Crmg/l 0,017 0,05 Cumg/l <0,005 0,1 Hgmg/l <0,0001 0,001 Znmg/l 0,012 0,5 Cl - mg/l 3,04 100 Momg/l 0,032 - Vmg/l 0,106 - CaOmg/l 96,5 - RESULT OF LEACHING FROM BSW EAF SLAG

32. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 32 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

33. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 33 - Selling slag as a product is not an easy task because: Steel mill slags are assumed to be hazardous wastes. Public and authorities normally have only little knowledge about those materials, its formation and properties.

34. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 34 - Marketing Strategy should cover the following aspects Analysis of each kind of slag to find special properties. Looking for customers in different industries for different products. Establishing longterm relationship with customer.

35. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 35 - Marketing strategy should emphasize the advantages of slag products against natural materials High specific weight High strength Good weather resistance High resistance against polishing PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EAF SLAG

36. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 36 - Longterm relationship with customers is the key to success in slag marketing Information about slag products and how to use it for special applications. Yearly report published with the newest projects and applications of slag as a building material. Open day for the public to visit the plant and to know better about slag and ist products. MEASURES FOR LONGTERM RELATIONSHIP WITH CUSTOMERS

37. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 37 - AGENDA Steel Slag in Europe Legal Status of Slag in Europe Applications for Steel Slag Treatment Process Product Certification and Quality Control Marketing Strategy Conclusion

38. Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt - 38 - Use of steel slags is absolutely necessary in Europe to reduce costs and to comply with environmental laws Slag use in Europe has a long tradition. European law asks for recycling of steel slag. European legislation makes it sometimes difficult to bring slag products to the market. Process technology is known and proven. Slag products can be certified and have to undergo a quality control procedure. Marketing of slag should focus on slag properties and longterm relationship with customers.