1. Reproductive System

2. Combining Forms Amni/o: amniotic sac Andr/o: male Balan/o: glans penis
Cervic/o: neck, cervix
Colp/o, vagin/o: vagina
Cry/o: cold
Crypt/o: hidden
Galact/o: milk
Spermat/o, sperm/i, sperm/o: sperm cells
Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o: testes

3. Combining Forms Gonad/o: gonads, sex glands Lapar/o: abdominal wall
Mamm/o: breast
Men/o: menses, menstruation
Nat/o: birth
Pen/o: penis
Perine/o: perineum
Phim/o: muzzle

4. Combining Forms Prostat/o: prostate gland Obstetr/o: midwife
Salping/o: fallopian tube
Semin/o: semen
Vulv/o, episi/o: vulva
Vesicul/o: seminal vesicle
Vas/o: vas deferens, duct
Vener/o: sexual contact
Oophor/o, ovari/o: ovary
Hyster/o, uter/o, metr/o: uterus, womb

5. Suffixes
-arch: beginning -blast: early form -cidal, -cide: killing -cyesis: pregnancy -genesis: beginning -gravida: pregnant woman -para: bearing offspring -plasia: formation -salpinx: fallopian tube -tocia: childbirth, labor -version: turning

6. Prefixes
Ecto-: outside Neo-: new Nulli-: none Pseudo-: false o/o: egg

8. Female Reproductive System
Gynecologist: a medical doctor specializing in female reproductive disorders
Obstetrics: the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and menopause
Neonatology: the study of newborns

9. Overview Female reproductive organs:
Internal: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina
External: labia, clitoris, mons pubis and Bartholin glands
Female Function: to produce and transport ova(eggs)
to Nourish and provide a place for the developing fetus to grow

10. Diseases and Conditions: female
Candidiasis: vaginal fungal infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans “yeast infection”
Symptoms: cheese-like discharge and extreme itching
Cervicitis: inflammation of the cervix because of an infection or STI (STD)
Ectopic pregnancy: implantation of the fertilized ovum (egg) anywhere outside of the uterine cavity “tubal pregnancy”
Endometriosis: the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

11. Diseases and Conditions: female
Fibroid: a benign tumor in the uterus composed of fibrous tissue
Fistula: an abnormal tunnel connecting 2 body cavities
Vesicovaginal fistula: a tunnel between the bladder and the vagina
Gestational hypertension: high blood pressure during pregnancy
Symptoms: edema and proteuria
Preeclampsia: a form of gestational hypertension that may progress to eclampsia
Eclampsia: a life-threatening form of gestational hypertension to both mother and baby

12. Diagnostic Procedures: female
Colposcopy: examination of the vagina and cervix with a magnifying instrument
Hysterosalpingography: radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a tracer
Laparoscopy: visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through an incision made at the umbilicus
Mammography: radiography of the breasts used to diagnose tumors
Papanicolaou test: (Pap) a microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma

13. Medical and Surgical Procedures: female
Amniocentesis: a surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to retrieve fetal cells
Cerclage: an obstetric procedure in which a suture is used to close the uterus in order to prevent spontaneous abortions
Dilation and curettage: dilation of the cervix so that the endometrium can be scraped to stop heavy uterine bleeding or to obtain a biopsy specimen
Hysterosalpingooophorectomy: surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

14. Medical and Surgical Procedures: female
Lumpectomy: excision of a small breast tumor and some of the tissue around it
Mastectomy: complete or partial excision of one or both breasts
Modified radical: mastectomy of the entire breast and lymph nodes under the arm
Radical: mastectomy of the entire breast, lymph nodes and chest muscles
Total: mastectomy of the entire breast, nipple, areola and the overlying skin

15. Medical and Surgical Procedures: female
Reconstructive breast surgery: reconstruction of the breast that has been removed because of a tumor
Usually done immediately following the mastectomy
Tissue expansion: uses a balloon expander just beneath the skin and saline solution is injected to create a natural looking breast
Transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap: surgical creation of a skin flap shaped into a natural-looking breast
Tubal ligation: a sterilization procedure that involves blocking of both fallopian tubes by cutting them and burning the ends

16. Pharmacology: Female Antifungals: treat vaginal fungal infections
Estrogens: treat symptoms of menopause through hormone replacement
Hormone replacement therapy: used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone to relieve symptoms of menopause and prevent osteoporosis
Oral contraceptives: prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy “birth control pills”

18. Male Reproductive System
Urology: the study of the urinary tract of men and women and the male reproductive tract
Male reproductive organs: gonads (testicles), scrotum, penis, sperm, semen and transporting ducts
Male Functions: producing and delivering sperm to the woman’s reproductive tract

19. Diseases and Conditions: Male
Anorchism: congenital absence of one or both testes “anorchia”
Balanitis: inflammation of the prepuce (the skin covering the glans penis) caused by irritation or infection
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs in men over age 60
Cryptorchidism: failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum “hidden testicles”

20. Diseases and Conditions: Male
Epispadias: a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis
Hypospadias: a congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the under surface of the penis
Impotence: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection “erectile dysfunction”
Phimosis: stenosis of the prepuce so that it cannot be pushed over the glans penis

21. Diagnostic Procedures: Male
Digital rectal examination: examination of the prostate gland by finger though the anal canal
Prostate-specific antigen test: a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer
Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy of prostate: an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and to collect multiple biopsy specimens

22. Medical and Surgical Procedures: male
Circumcision: surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)
Transurethral resection of the prostate: relieves obstructions caused by benign hyperplasia by insertion of a scope into the penis to chip away at and flush out excess tissue
Vasectomy: a sterilization procedure involving removal of part of the vas deferens to prevent sperm being mixed into semen

23. Pharmacology: Male
Gonadotropins: hormonal treatment used to increase sperm count
Spermicides: method of birth control that destroys sperm

24. Diseases and Conditions: Both
Sexually transmitted infections: any disease acquired through sexual intercourse “venereal disease”
Chlamydia: one of the most damaging STIs caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
Symptoms: Cervicitis and urethritis
Genital warts: warts in the genital area caused by human papilloma virus
Gonorrhea: an extremely contagious STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and affects the genitourinary tract and the rectum or pharynx

25. Diseases and Conditions: Both
Herpes genitalis: an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 affecting the anorectal skin and genitalia
Can be passed through the placenta
Syphilis: an infectious STI characterized by skin lesions on the genitals, rectum or mouth
Can cause death if untreated
Trichomoniasis: an infection of the vagina, urethra or prostate caused by a protozoan
Most common STI in both men and women

26. Abbreviations CS, C-section: cesarean section
D&C: dilation and curettage
HRT: hormone replacement therapy
IVF: in vitro fertilization
LMP: last menstrual period
OB-GYN: obstetrics and gynecology
Pap: Papanicolaou test
Para 1,2,3: number of viable births
PID: pelvic inflammatory disease
TAH total abdominal hysterectomy
TRAM: transverse rectus abdominis muscle

27. Abbreviation TSS: toxic shock syndrome TVH: total vaginal hysterectomy
BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia
DRE: digital rectal examination
PSA: prostate-specific antigen
TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate
GC: gonorrhea
HPV: human papillomavirus
STD: sexually transmitted disease
STI: sexually transmitted infection
VD: venereal disease