1. Figure 3 Single-cell analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility
Figure 3 | Single-cell analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility. A | A microfluidic plug-based, single-cell antimicrobial-susceptibility test (AST).The top panel shows a flow-focusing design that is used for the formation of 50 nl-sized plugs of bacteria, a viability indicator, and an antibiotic at varying concentrations. The bottom graph shows the average change in fluorescence intensity of threefold greater than (solid) or less than (striped) the base line. A MIC of cefoxitin (CFX) to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) of 8.0 mg/l was determined. n indicates the number of plugs for each condition. B | A microfluidic chip used for single-cell AST. Ba | A microfluidic device that comprises a flow-focusing design for generating 5pl-sized droplets of bacteria, a viability indicator, and an antibiotic, an elongated serpentine channel for incubation and a restricted channel region for in-line fluorescent detection. Bb | High-throughput, in-line detection of droplets. The fluorescence intensity of each droplet is quantified to determine the cellular vitality. C | The microfluidic agarose channel (MAC) chip integrated with a 96-well-plate platform for high-throughput analysis. The MAC chip is composed of microfluidic channels containing bacteria in agarose, and a well to supply antibiotics and nutrients. The imaging region was the interface between the liquid medium and the microfluid. ADP; avalanche photo diode. Permission for part A obtained from Royal Society of Chemistry © Boedicker, J. Q. et al. Lab Chip 8, 1265–1272 (2008). Part B reproduced with permission from Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society, Kaushik A. et al. 19th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS 2015) (2015). Permission for part C obtained from The American Association for the Advancement of Science © Choi, J. et al. Sci. Transl Med. 6, 267ra174 (2014).
Permission for part A obtained from Royal Society of Chemistry © Boedicker, J. Q. et al. Lab Chip 8, 1265–1272 (2008).
Part B reproduced with permission from Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society, Kaushik A. et al.
19th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS 2015) (2015). Permission for
part C obtained from The American Association for the Advancement of Science © Choi, J. et al. Sci. Transl Med. 6, 267ra174 (2014).
Davenport, M. et al. (2017) New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections
Nat. Rev. Urol. doi: /nrurol