1. European Renaissance and Reformation
Day 1

2. The Renaissance
Description What? Revival of art and learning When? Where? Florence, Italy Why? Middle Ages brought plague and war, the survivors wanted to celebrate life. Educated men and women hoped to bring back the culture of classical Greece and Rome. Led to NEW styles of art and lit. & the importance of the individual

3. Art Revolutionizes Artists Leonardo da Vinci
Painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper

5. Day 2

6. Warm Up March 7
The intellectual and cultural movement known as humanism arose from the study of
Medieval scholarship
Original Christian writings
Classical Greek and Roman culture
The contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties

7. Art Revolutionizes Michelangelo
Sculptor, poet, architect; realistic style to portray human body
Statue of David
Sistine Chapel

9. Art Revolutionizes Raphael Learned from Michelangelo and Leonardo
School of Athens
Painted Mic, Leo, and himself

10. The Renaissance Values
Humanism: focused on human potential and achievements
Secular: worldly rather than spiritual
The Renaissance Man: a man who excelled in many fields (art, literature, athletics, educated, etc.)
The Renaissance Woman: upper class women were expected to be educated and charming as well

11. Day 3

12. Humanism
Humanism – an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history
Petrarch – father of Italian Renaissance humanism
Dante – Divine Comedy
Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

13. Art Revolutionizes Literature changes Vernacular: native language
Machiavelli: famous author, The Prince
How to gain and keep power
Imperfect conduct of people
Most are selfish, fickle, and corrupt
Prince must be strong and shrewd

14. Northern Renaissance Renaissance Spreads North
1494, French king claimed throne in Naples, war erupts.
Renaissance writers and artists fled North and took their ideas with them
Da Vinci invited to retire in France and hired to paint king’s palace

15. Elizabethan Age Renaissance in England
Queen Elizabeth reigned
Very well educated, spoke French, Italian, Latin, Greek; wrote poetry and music
Huge supporter of art and lit

16. Northern Renaissance
William Shakespeare: most famous writer of Elizabethan Age
Regarded as greatest playwright of all time
Works display masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human nature
Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer’s Night Dream

17. Day 4

18. Printing Press Johann Gutenberg 1440; developed printing press
that incorporated new technologies; made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply
Produce hundreds of copies
Went from producing 1 book in 5 months, to producing 500 books in 5 months
Perhaps the most important invention of all time!!

19. Day 5

20. The Reformation Causes
Renaissance emphasized secular beliefs (printing press spread these ideas)
Northern merchants resented paying church taxes in Rome
Critics claimed church leaders were corrupt
(Popes patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars)
Indulgences

21. Northern Renaissance Northern writers try to reform society
Christian Humanists:
wanted to reform society and the Catholic Church; encourage people to live a Christian life
Promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by both girls and boys
Thomas More: Utopia; tried to show a better model of society
Desiderius Ersmus – “the philosophy of Christ” – Christians should lead by example
Wanted to reform the Church not break away

22. Reformation Martin Luther’s role
Justification - Saved not by good works but by faith in God
Oct 31, 1517
Johann Tetzel; sold indulgences: a pardon
95 Thesis posted on church door; someone copied it in printer and ML became known all over Germany
The 95 Thesis: Formal statements attacking the “pardon-merchants”
Reformation: a movement of religious reform

23. Reformation Luther’s Teachings
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (catholic church taught faith and “good works”)
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the bible (Pope and Church were false authorities)
All people with faith were equal (people didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for them)

24. Reformation Response to Luther Followers became known as Lutherans
Pope excommunicated Luther
Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his books banned – Edict of Worms
Luther returned to Germany and found his ideas in practice… Lutherans: separate religious group that followed Luther
Followers became known as Lutherans
First Protestant Faith

25. Calvinism Emerges
Calvinism - Religion based on John Calvin’s teachings
Calvin tweaks Luther’s ideas
Believed that men and women sinful by nature
Predestination: God knows beforehand which people will be saved
(remember that Luther said humans can earn salvation)

26. Calvinism Emerges Calvinism spreads John Knox takes ideas to Scotland
Presbyterians: followers of Knox
Becomes Scotland’s official religion
Get rid of Mary Queen of Scots, lets son James rule
Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt Calvinist organization and today trace roots to Calvin

27. Other Protestant Reforms
The Anabaptists “baptize again”
Only baptized people who were old enough to decide for themselves to be Christian
Said church and state should be separate; refused to fight wars
Persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants as radicals
Became Mennonites and Amish; influenced Quakers and Baptists who split from Anglican church

28. Day 6

29. Protestants Form England becomes protestant
Henry VIII wants son, divorce (set aside); The annulment was denied.
1529 called Reformation Parliament: ends Pope’s power in England
Act of Supremacy, 1534: Henry, not pope, is head of England and church
1559: Anglican Church (Church of England) formed by Elizabeth

30. Henry VIII timeline
1509 Henry VIII becomes king of England; marries Catherine of Argon
1516 daughter Mary is born
1527 Henry asks the pope to
end his first marriage; pope refuses
1529 Henry summons Reformation Parliament
1531 parliament recognizes Henry as head of Church

31. Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
1534 Act of Supremacy
1534 Henry divorces Catherine, marries Anne Boleyn; daughter Elizabeth is born
1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded
1537 Henry marries Jane Seymour, son Edward is born, Jane dies of complications
Henry divorces new wife Anne of Cleves, executes his 5th wife: Catherine Howard

32. Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)
1547 Henry dies; 6th wife Catherine Parr outlives him; Edward VI begins 6 yr rule; Protestants strong
1553 Mary I (bloody Mary)
begins rule and restores
the Catholic Church
1558 Elizabeth I begins rule; restores Protestant church (Anglican Church)

33. Protestants Form Religious Turmoil
Edward VI reigns; advisors run things and make England very Protestant
Mary I reigns; forces England to be Catholic, kills those who oppose (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth I reigns; returns Protestantism; sets up Anglican church (Church of England)—only legal church in England

34. Protestants Form To Please Protestants: Priests allowed to marry
Sermons in English (not Latin)
This brought religious peace to England
To Please Catholics:
Kept some trappings of the Catholic service like rich robes
Services revised to be more acceptable

35. Day 7

36. Catholic Reforms Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Efforts to reform and renew Catholic church from within
Jesuits
Reforming of Popes
Council of Trent
Millions remained loyal to Catholicism; reform from within

37. Catholic Reforms Jesuits Created
Followers of Ignatius of Loyola; Society of Jesus
3 main activities:
Founded schools
Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
Stop spread of Protestantism (worked well in Southern Germany and Poland)

38. Catholic Reforms Reforming Popes
Council of Trent: most important reform
Meeting of Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers
Church’s interpretation of bible final; anyone with own interpretation was heretic
Need faith and good works for salvation
Bible and Church tradition equally powerful authorities
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith; false selling of indulgences banned
Next pope carried out council’s decrees and made list of dangerous books (Index of Forbidden Books) Bishops ordered to burn these books; included Protestant bibles

39. Legacy of Reformation *Ended religious unity in Europe*
Religious and Social Effects
Protestant churches flourished
Catholic church more unified (Council of Trent)
Led to schools and colleges
Political Effects
Monarchs gained power
Laid groundwork for Enlightenment

40. Splits in the Christian Church