1. Cell Organelles SER Cell Wall Nuclear Envelope Nucleus Nucleolus SER
RER
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Centrioles

2. Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
Plant, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi cells
Nearly all prokaryotes
Functions- Protection, Support, Filtration, Over Expansion and Storage
Made from fibers of carbohydrates (plants= cellulose)
Cell Membrane
All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
Functions- Protection and Filtration
Semi-or selectively permeable
Anchors cytoskeleton
Flexible
Phospholipid bilayer (complex double membrane)
All Organelles

3. Nucleus In most eukaryotic cells Control center of cell
Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Controls gene expression and DNA replication
Controls cell eating, movement and reproduction
Nuclear envelope- double layer membrane, separates the nucleus from cytoplasm
Filters exchanges between cell and nucleus (via nuclear pores)
Protects genetic material
RNA travels through to send directions to the rest of the cell
Chromatin- DNA condensed to fit in the nucleus
DNA & protein complex
Chromosomes- Condensed chromatin-threadlike
Appear during cell division
All genetic info of the cell, transmits heredity
Nucleolus- makes ribosomes (begins)
Center of nucleus
All Organelles

4. Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm- cytosol & all organelles
All cells
Cytosol- fluid inside cell
Mostly water (transparent)
Function- storage of organic & inorganic molecules & site for manufacturing biomolecules & energy (functions of organelles)
Cytoskeleton- network of protein filaments
Function- Maintains cell shape, aids in movement of some cells and objects or substances inside the cell
Motor proteins move organelles along cytoskeleton
Microtubules- hollow tubes of protein
Maintain shape and serve as “tracks”
During cell division help separate chromosomes- centrioles
Bundles create cilia (hair-like projections) and flagella (long tail-like projection)
Microfilaments- long thing fibers
Support and aid in movement
All Organelles

5. Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes- made of RNA and proteins
All cells have
Site of protein manufacturing
Puts amino acids in order following instructions from the nucleus (RNA)
Free ribosomes- in the cytoplasm- create proteins for the cell to use
Attached ribosomes- on the RER- create proteins for export
Rough ER- part of internal membrane system
All eukaryotic cells
“maze” of cisternae (folds)
Also contains tubules and vesicles
“Rough” because of attached ribosomes
Attach when protein synthesis begins
Proteins are made and modified (and packaged)
Modification especially of proteins for export and the cell membrane
Often proteins go to Golgi Appartus next
Surrounds nucleus (membrane attaches to nuclear envelope)
All Organelles

6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids (and phospholipids), breaks down carbohydrates, helps regulate Calcium ions (Ca2+) and detoxifies drugs
Also modifies some proteins (special enzymes)
Contains enzymes to make sugar (glucose) out of nonsugars
Refines steroids
Made of cisternae, tubules and vesicles
Roller coaster shaped
Attached to RER
Also attached to cell membrane sensor proteins
Brings in biomolecules vital to cell
Found in all eukaryotic cells
All Organelles

7. Golgi Appartus Most eukaryotic cells
Stack of membranes (5-8 cisternae, number depends on function of cell)
3 parts: Cis= closest to nucleus, Medial= middle, and Trans= closest to cell membrane
Vesicles, cisternae and lumen (walls)
Attach lipids & carbohydrates to proteins
Proteins start in the cis membranes and are modified as they move to the trans membranes
Different enzymes in each membrane do different jobs
Vesicles bring substances to and from the Golgi Apparatus
Small enclosed compartments that store/ transport cell products and wastes
Secretes cell chemicals
Create lysosomes
Some break down and storage
Secretion
Send proteins to final destination
All Organelles

8. Lysosomes and Vacuoles
Lysosomes- small organelles filled with enzymes (mostly digestive)
Mostly in animal cells
Gets rid of some of cells waste
Digest food particles (lipids, carbs and proteins), engulfed viruses & bacteria, macromolecules, and unneeded cells and organelles
Disease fighting
Remove debris
Built in Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles- Store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Many plants have one large one
Pressure gives cell structural support
Also in single-cell organisms and animals (smaller)
Small vacuoles= vesicles
All Organelles

9. Chloroplasts In plants and other photosynthetic organisms
photoautrophs
Not in animal or fungal cells
heterotrophs
Use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food molecules
Photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide + energy= sugar and oxygen)
Substances used by cells to make usable energy
Bound by two membranes (double membrane)
Outer= regulates what goes in and out of organelle, inner= regulates intake of sugars and proteins going to the cell’s cyotplasm
Stroma= Aqueous part
Thylakoids= photosynthetic membranes (discs)
Green pigment= chlorophyll; found in photosynthetic membranes
Grana= Large stacks of thylakoids
Lamella holds all together
Contains own ribosomes and DNA
All Organelles

10. Mitochondria Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Release energy stored in food molecules
Cellular respiration- uses food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use for growth, division, development and movement
Sugar + oxygen  water, carbon dioxide and ATP
ATP- adenosine triphosphate- usable energy of cells (chemical)
Enclosed by two membranes (double membrane)
Bean shaped
Inner membranes- cristae (folds- where reactions occur)
Matrix- inside- contains enzymes, DNA, ribosomes
Outer membrane regulates what goes in and out of organelle
All Organelles