1. Migration day 2

2. Movement
Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period.
Migrant labor
Transhumance (moving livestock according to seasonal availability of pastures)
Military service
Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period.
Commuting
Seasonal movement

3. International Migration –
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

4. Internal Migration -
Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence).

5. Voluntary Migration –
Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.
Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

6. Kinds of Voluntary Migration
Counter (return) migration
When people eventually move back to wherever their ‘home’ was
About 25% will do this
Channelized migration
Repetitive pattern of migration that is not linked to family or ethnicity
Some other draw to the area is pulling people in

7. Kinds of Voluntary Migration
Step Migration –
When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination.
example: peasant family goes from fields to village to a town, then to a city, and finally to a metropolis area
* intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along
the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle
there.
Chain Migration –
When a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links.
Results in urban ethnic enclaves

8. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration
2. The majority of migrants move a short distance
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations
4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas
5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

9. Wilbur Zelinsky Migration Transition Model
Stage 1- no countries in stage 1
Stage 2- lots of rural to urban regional migration, and emigration out of the country to stage 3 and 4 countries
Stage 3- gets lots of rural to urban regional migration, and immigrants from periphery countries to work in industry, some emigration from more highly educated people to go to stage 4 and 5 countries
Stage 4- some rural to urban regional migration especially with gentrification and new urbanism, lots of immigrants from periphery and semi-periphery countries (war, genocide, conflicts, gender inequality push factors)
Stage 5- some immigrants from regional countries experiencing conflict and people moving to urban areas that have been gentrified and people moving to rural areas who don’t like new urbanism

10. Theories of Migration Life Course Theory Human Capital Theory
Changes in education and occupation are major reasons why people decide to change their region or country
Marriage
Children
Divorce
College
Human Capital Theory
Capital = $$$
Educated migrants move to a wealthier country seeking better- paying jobs
Send remittances home
Both countries benefit

11. Where do People Migrate?
Different scales:
Global
Regional
national

12. Global Migration Flows
Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration flows were influenced largely by:
Exploration
Colonization
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Impacts the place the migrants leave and where the migrants go.

13. Major Global Migration Flows
From 1500 to 1950

14. Regional Migration Flows
Migrants go to neighboring countries:
- for short term economic opportunities.
- to reconnect with cultural groups
across borders.
- to flee political conflict or war.

15. Economic Opportunities
Islands of Development –
Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

16. Economic Opportunities
In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

17. Reconnecting Cultural Groups
About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.
After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

18. Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the West Bank.

19. National Migration Flows
Also known as internal migration
- eg. US, Russia, Mexico

20. Guest Workers
Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country

21. How do Governments Affect Migration?

22. Refugees
A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

23. Refugees
International refugees- move outside of their home state to flee a perceived or actual threat.
Example: Syrians fleeing to Turkey
Example: After the Taliban was created in Pakistan, over 2.5 million Afghanis fled to Iran
Internal refugees- move within their home state to flee a perceived or actual threat.
Example: Hurricane Katrina victims
Also known as an IDP- internally displaced person

24. Regions of Dislocation – What regions generate the most refugees?
Subsaharan Africa
About 8 million “official” refugees.
Rwanda and the Hutu-Tutsi strife
Darfur and South Sudan
North Africa and Southwest Asia
Afghanistan and the Taliban led refugees to flee to Iran
Syrian Civil War
South Asia
Pakistan accommodating Afghanistan’s forced emigrants and Civil War in Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Vietnam War, violence, and the Myanmar minority
Europe
End of WWI and the Collapse of Yugoslavia into 7 different countries

25. The Sudan –
Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to more than 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

27. Understanding the refugee problem

28. Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration
Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration of certain groups into a country.
Example: The Oriental Exclusion Acts ( ) to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California
Quotas limit the number of migrants from each region into a country.
Example: limiting the amount of immigrants from Europe to 3% of the number of its nationals living in the U.S.
A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering.
Criminal records, poor health, subversive activities

29. Waves of Immigration
Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration. US Immigration- History Of

30. An Asylum Seeker is a refugee who has applied to be able to work in their new country that they fled to.
This could potentially speed up the process of becoming a citizen.
This is also a more ‘legal’ way to live in the country you fled to.

31. Post-September 11
The map below shows the countries from which asylum seekers are automatically detained by the U.S. Government. This is because
al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups are known to operate to some extent there.

32. US Immigration
Crash Course- US Immigration

33. Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Pennsylvania
The Rust Belt
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Pennsylvania

34. The Rust Belt
In the 1960s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and midwestern cities to the South and to the West Coast
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Pennsylvania were previously industrial powerhouses with vibrant economies
Now, factories were closing down and people were losing their jobs

35. The Corn Belt
North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, *Illinois, *Indiana, Ohio

36. The Cotton Belt
What the south used to be known as because of agrarian poverty and backwardness

37. The Cotton Belt States known for growing and distributing cotton
Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina

38. The Sun Belt What the south, along with parts of the southwest became
The land of new opportunity

39. The Sun Belt Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Southern California
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Experiencing large population growth
1960s- growth spreading to places like Phoenix, Las Vegas, Dallas, Miami, Tampa, Austin, and Nashville