1. EQT Study Guide
By: Ms. Sugg

2. 1. What does the continental drift hypothesis state?
The continental drift hypothesis states that the continents have slowly drifted over time to their present locations.

3. 2. What is Pangaea?
Pangaea is a supercontinent that Alfred Wegner believed where all of the continents were squished together to create 1 massive landmass.

4. 3. What is the theory of plate tectonics?
The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s surface is divided into rigid plates that move relative to one another.

5. 4. How long ago did Wegner believe that continents were once a supercontinent?
Wegener believed that the continents were assembled as part of a supercontinent about 250 million years ago.

6. 5. Why did scientists reject Alfred Wegner’s hypothesis of continental drift?
Scientists at the time rejected Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift because he could not explain how or why Earth’s continents move.

7. 6. Why do we need to find an alternative to fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels pollute the environment and are in limited supply. We are using up fossil fuels faster than they can be replaced meaning they are nonrenewable resources.

8. 7. Do all dead organisms become fossils?
All dead organisms do not become fossils.

9. 8. What is needed for a fossil to form?
Dead organic matter usually is destroyed quickly by scavengers or bacteria. Only when the organism was quickly covered (or buried) could it be preserved. Hard parts of organisms were less apt to be consumed or eroded by weather.

10. 9. What are examples of fossil fuels?
Oil or Petroleum
Natrual Gas
Coal

11. 10. What determines the type of fossil fuel created?
They type of organic material, the length of time that the material is buried, and the temperature and pressure determine the type of fossil fuel created from prehistoric organic matter.

12. 11. Where does coal form?
Coal forms in temperate (mild, balmy, humid) climates, with lots of rain and on swampy land.

13. 12. What are examples of fossils?
Molds, trace fossils, petrified wood, and casts are all examples of fossils.

14. 13. Fossil fuels are what type of resource?
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource because we are using them faster than they can be replaced.

15. 14. What are examples of trace fossils?
Tracks, burrows, eggshells, nests, tooth marks, and coprolites (fossil feces) are examples of trace fossils.

16. 15. Earth’s layers formed due to the differences in _____ of each layer.
densities

17. 16. And 17. What is the mantle?
The mantle is the layer of Earth with the most mass.
The mantle beneath the continents and the seafloor is made of molten rock.
It is made up of the mesosphere, asthenosphere, and part of the lithosphere.

18. 18. Draw and Label the layers of Earth.

19. 19. Where are convection currents located?
Convection currents are located within the mantle.

20. 20. What is the lithosphere?
The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere.

21. 21. What is the asthenosphere?
Earth’s plasticlike layer is called the asthenosphere.
It is made up of the upper mantle.

22. 22. What is a subduction zone?
One plate is forced under or below another plate in a subduction zone.

23. 23. Which layer is the most dense?
The inner core is the most dense layer

24. 24. Where do we mostly notice plate movement?
The results of plate movement can be seen at plate boundaries.

25. 25. What type of evidences supports the hypothesis of continental drift?
The main points of evidence for continental drift are fossils, rocks, and coastlines.

26. 26. Define: Convergent Plate Boundary
The boundary where two plates are moving together, colliding, is a convergent plate boundary.

27. 27. Define: Transform Plate Boundary
Plates slide past one another at transform plate boundaries.

28. 28. Define: Divergent Plate Boundaries
When two plates are sliding away from each other, this is known as a divergent plate boundary.

29. 29. Why does seafloor spreading occur?
Seafloor spreading occurs because molten material beneath Earth’s surface rises to the crust.

30. 30. What forms at a continental convergent plate boundary?
Mountain ranges form at continental convergent plate boundaries.

31. 31. Find a plate boundary map and be able to differentiate between each boundary.

32. 32. Why did mapmakers think Earth’s continents have moved?
Many early mapmakers thought Earth’s continents had moved based on fossil evidence.

33. 33. Mountain ranges form at ______.
convergent plate boundaries

34. 34. How do metamorphic rocks form?
The deeper into Earth’s crust, the higher the pressure and temperatures that forms metamorphic rocks.

35. 35. What is sediment?
Sediment is pieces of solid material deposited on Earth’s surface such as rock pieces, shell fragments, and grains.

36. 36. What is continental drift?
A theory that states that continents have slowly moved over time and can be supported by evidence of fossils, rocks, and coastlines on other continents.

37. 37. Define: Rock Cycle
The continuous changing and reforming of rocks is called the rock cycle.

38. 38. And 45. What are sedimentary rocks made of?
Sedimentary rocks form from rock and mineral fragments.
Sedimentary rocks are formed when loose materials become pressed or cemented together or when minerals form from solutions.

39. 39. What are metamorphic rocks made of?
metamorphic rocks form from existing rock because of high temperature and pressure applied to them

40. 40. Is the rock cycle a quick or slow process?
The rock cycle is a process that is very slow and takes a long time.

41. 41. How do rocks turn to sediments?
Sediments form because rocks are weathered, eroded, and deposited.

42. 42. Each type of rock can _____.
The rock cycle indicates that each type of rock can provide materials to make other rocks, form other rocks, and be changed by the forces at Earth’s surface.

43. 43. How do sediments in sedimentary rocks stick together?
Sediments in sedimentary rocks are often held together with natural cements.

44. 44. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava ____.
crystalizes

45. 46. Where do Igneous rocks form?
Igneous rocks are found in two locations because igneous rocks form when magma cools and minerals crystallize both within Earth and/or on the surface.

46. 47. Why is the rock cycle not a simple circle?
The diagram is not just a simple circle because there are many different ways that one type of rock can be transformed into another type of rock; all possibilities must be shown.

47. 48. What are rocks made of?
A rock is always a mixture of minerals, organic matter, volcanic glass, or other materials.