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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR POLYMERS
Life’s structural and functional diversity results from a great variety of molecules Spider’s web building skill depends on its genetic programming, built into the DNA molecules… DNA determines the structure of the silk proteins Silk proteins make a spiderweb remarkably strong and resilient, able to withstand insects escaping. The web’s elasticity results from the coiling and uncoiling of silk protein fibers Spiders and their webs illustrate life’s molecules in action Spider’s DNA and the proteins in its silk represent 2 major classes of molecules in living organisms Over 2 million organic compounds What element is in organic compounds? Carbon high number due to the enormous variety of atoms that can be bonded to carbon How many bonds can carbon form? 4 covalent bonds.
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Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
A carbon atom forms four covalent bonds It can join with other carbon atoms to make chains or rings Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model Almost all the molecules a cell makes are composed of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to atoms of other elements. Q. Which molecule in a cell does not have carbon? H2O Methane Figure 3.1, top part
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Carbon skeletons vary in many ways
Ethane Propane Carbon skeletons vary in length. Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Hydrocarbons: contain only C and H. ex. Methane Can bond together in chains, branched, unbranched, double bonds, rings Point out the double bond in Figure 3.1, explaining that it represents 4 shared electrons. Isomers- same molecular formula, different molecular structures: butane and isobutane C4H10 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Figure 3.1, bottom part
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Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds
Functional groups are the groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate Sulfhydryl Functional groups are generally attached to the carbon backbone of different macromolecules and exhibit predictable chemical properties. Carbonyl Aldehyde: if carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton Ketone: if carbonyl group is within the carbon chain Carboxyl Acts as an acid contributing H+ ion to a solution Compounds containing carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids Amino Acts as base picking up H+ ion Q. Which functional groups do not contain carbon? –hydroxyl and amino
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Large organic molecules Examples:
Macromolecules Large organic molecules Examples: Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids
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Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules
Most of the large molecules in living things are macromolecules called polymers Polymers are long chains of smaller molecular units called monomers Polymer is a chain consisting of identical or similar molecules strung together (like a train car) The units that serve as building blocks for the polymers are called monomers
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Monomer: simple sugars
Carbohydrates Monomer: simple sugars Monosaccharides Example: Glucose Polymer: Polysaccharide Example: cellulose, glycogen, starch Glucose Linear to Ring glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose
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Carbohydrates Function: Monosaccharides are the fuel for cellular work
Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen: store sugar for later use. Cellulose: make up cell walls, fiber Starch granules in potato tuber cells STARCH Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall CELLULOSE
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Proteins Monomer: amino acids Polymer: Protein Polypeptide
alpha (α) carbon hydrogen amino group carboxyl group R group (not a functional group) Polymer: Protein Polypeptide Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid
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Proteins Function: structure movement defense transport communication
storage regulation of chemical reactions ENZYMES!! Structural proteins Support: Silk from spiders, hair of mammals, fibers that make up tendons and ligaments Contractile proteins Provide muscular movement. Ex. actin/myosin Defensive proteins Protection against disease. Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses. Transport proteins Transport of other substances. Hemoglobin Signal proteins Coordination of organism’s activities: Insulin, a hormone, helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood of vertebrates. Storage proteins- storage of amino acid. Ex. casein, the protein of milk, stores amino acids for baby mammals. Enzymes Serves as chemical catalyst (changes the rate of a reaction) Promote and regulate virtually all chemical reactions in the cell Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid
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Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: DNA, RNA phosphate group
sugar DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose nitrogenous base DNA: A,T,C,G RNA: A,U, C,G Polymer: DNA, RNA nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
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Nucleic Acids Function: DNA RNA Store hereditary information
Contains information for making the bodies proteins RNA Carries information from DNA for protein synthesis m-RNA- carries information from nucleus to cytoplasm t-RNA- carries amino acids r-RNA – forms ribosomes nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
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Organic Molecule: Lipids
Lipids are NOT true polymers! They are large molecules, but do not have repeating monomers. Fats Phospholipids Steroids Waxes
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Function: Lipids Store energy (long term) Waterproof coverings
Biological membranes Insulation Protection
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Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis
1 2 3 Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule Cells link monomers together to form polymers by a process called dehydration synthesis. All unlinked monomers have a H and also a –OH (hydroxyl group). For each monomer added to the chain, a water molecule is removed. 1 2 3 4 Longer polymer
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Glycine: Dehydration Synthesis
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Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis
1 2 3 4 Addition of water molecule Cells not only make macromolecules, but also break them down via hydrolysis Example: food comes into the cell and needs to be digested and broken down to make the monomers usable. Hydrolysis means to break (lyse) with water 1 2 3 Coating of capture strand
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