1. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

3. Carbon Chemistry
Carbon is the Backbone of Biological Molecules (macromolecules)
Figure 4.1

4. Carbon Chemistry
Carbon is the Backbone of Biological Molecules (macromolecules)
All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon
Figure 4.1

5. Carbon Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
If it’s organic chemistry, then the compound MUST have carbon bound to hydrogen

6. Carbon Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
Carbon atoms form many molecules by bonding to four other atoms

7. Carbon Chemistry Carbon has four valence electrons
Valence electron – electron available to bond

8. Carbon Chemistry Carbon has four valence electrons Most elements
want 8 valence electrons

9. The bonding versatility of carbon allows it to form many diverse molecules, including carbon skeletons
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Ethene (ethylene)
Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Ball-and-Stick Model
Space-Filling Model H C
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
Name and Comments
Figure 4.3 A-C

10. The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
Hydrogen
(valence = 1)
Oxygen
(valence = 2)
Nitrogen
(valence = 3)
Carbon
(valence = 4)
Figure 4.4

11. Carbon may bond to itself forming carbon chains
(a) Length
(b) Branching
(c) Double bonds
(d) Rings
Ethane
Propane
Butane
isobutane
1-Butene
2-Butene
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Figure 4.5 A-D
Carbon may bond to itself forming carbon chains

12. Carbon may bond to itself forming carbon chains
(a) Length
(b) Branching
(c) Double bonds
(d) Rings
Ethane
Propane
Butane
isobutane
1-Butene
2-Butene
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Figure 4.5 A-D
Carbon may bond to itself forming carbon chains
Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules

13. Functional Groups
Functional groups are the chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule
CH3 OH HO O
Estradiol
Testosterone
Female lion
Male lion
Figure 4.9

14. Functional Groups
Functional groups give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties
CH3 OH HO O
Estradiol
Testosterone
Female lion
Male lion
Figure 4.9

15. Six functional groups are important in the chemistry of life
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate

16. Some important functional groups of organic compounds
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO )
HYDROXYL CARBONYL CARBOXYL OH
In a hydroxyl group (—OH), a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule. (Do not confuse this functional group with the hydroxide ion, OH–.)
When an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to a hydroxyl group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a carboxyl group (—COOH). C O
Figure 4.10
The carbonyl group ( CO) consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond. 

17. Some important functional groups of organic compounds
Acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour tatste
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol)
Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
EXAMPLE
Propanal, an aldehyde
Acetone, the simplest ketone
Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages H C OH O
Figure 4.10

18. Some important functional groups of organic compounds
10. The amino group (—NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton.
Figure 4.10