2. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Bottlenose Dolphin
West Indian Manatee
Galapagos Tortoise
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Sauropsida
Order
Cetacea
Sirenia
Testudines
Family
Delphinidae
Trichechidae
Testudinidae
Genus
Tursiops
Trichechus
Geochelone
Species
truncatus
manatus
nigra

3. Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Figure 1.14 Classifying life
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya

4. B-5.1 Summarize the process of natural selection
You should be able to:
Infer the fate of a particular species given a scenario of environmental change
Compare microevolution and macroevolution
Explain how changes in the environment may result in the appearance or disappearance of particular traits

5. Describes all changes that have transformed life on Earth
From the earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms in the world today

6. Branch of biological evolution
Small scale
Affects single population

7. Branch of biological evolution
Large scale
Affects changes in species across populations

8. Explanation of how evolution occurs
Individual members of a population have different traits
These traits allow them to interact with their environment more or less effectively than other members of population

9. Results from changes in inherited traits of a population over time
Changes often increase a species’ fitness in its environment

13. Overproduction of offspring
Variation
Adaptation
Descent with modification

14. The ability of a population to have many offspring raises the chance that some will survive
It also increases competition for resources

15. Variation (we all look different!!)
Exists within every population
We all inherit different combinations of traits
Exists in phenotypes of individuals
The way they look (physical appearance):
body structures & characteristics

16. Variation influences an organism’s ability to reproduce
The way you look influences your ability to find, obtain, or utilize resources
Ex. food, water, shelter, & oxygen
Variation influences an organism’s ability to reproduce

17. It is controlled by both:
genotype
environment
Individuals with phenotypes that do NOT interact well with environment are more likely to die/produce fewer offspring
Compared to those who interact well with environment

18. Leads to the increase in frequency of:
A particular structure
Physiological process
Behavior in a population of organisms that makes organism better able to survive & reproduce

19. In every generation:
Organisms with specific beneficial inherited traits become more prevalent
This is due to genetic variation

20. As a generation progresses (grows up):
Organisms that carry genes that hinder their ability to meet day to day needs become less & less prevalent in population
Organisms having a hard time finding, obtaining or utilizing food, water, shelter, or oxygen will be less healthy & more likely to die before reproducing
Or produce less viable or fewer offspring

21. The gene pool of a population changes over time to favor the traits that are beneficial
Fitness: measures how a particular trait contributes to reproductive success in a given environment
Results from adaptations

22. Survival of the fittest
Sometimes even known as:
Survival of the fittest

23. Refers to changes that occur in species due to natural selection over successive generations
As environment changes, entire process of natural selection can yield populations with new phenotypes adapted to new conditions

24. Results in population with:
different structures
live in different niches/habitats from ancestors
Each successive living species will have descended with adaptations (or modifications) from previous generations

25. More individuals will have successful traits in successive generations
As long as traits are beneficial to environmental conditions of organism

26. B-5.2 Explain how genetic processes result in the continuity of life-forms over time.
You should be able to:
Recall the similarities between organisms that live today with those that lived in the past
Exemplify how genetic variability results in the continuity of life-forms
Compare the results of sexual and asexual reproduction
Summarize how sexual and asexual reproduction ensure that genetic material is passed to offspring allowing for the continuity of life-forms

27. All life that has ever existed on Earth share at least the same 2 structures:
Nucleic acids – DNA or RNA – carry the code for the synthesis of organism’s proteins
Proteins – composed of same 20 amino acids in all life forms on Earth

28. Process by which nucleic acids code for proteins is the same in all life-forms on Earth
Transcription & translation

29. Result in offspring receiving same genetic information as parent(s)
Reliable means of passing genetic information to offspring in all organisms
Result in offspring receiving same genetic information as parent(s)
Some genetic variability
2 types:
Sexual
Asexual

30. Uses process of meiosis to create gametes
Fertilization: embryo receives alleles from each parent for each trait
New individual expresses a combination of traits
Allows for variation within offspring

31. Genetic variability due to:
Gene shuffling
Crossing-over
Recombination of DNA
Mutations
When gametes are produced, each parent’s alleles may be arranged in new ways in the offspring

32. Involves only 1 parent
Offspring (for the most part) are genetically identical to the parent

33. Genetic variability only occurs through mutations in DNA
Passed from parent to offspring
Also a way organisms achieve variations as populations continue over time

34. Much faster than sexual reproduction Many offspring produced
Advantages:
Much faster than sexual reproduction
Many offspring produced
Well fit to continue life in current environment

35. Disadvantages: In changing conditions
Genetically identical offspring respond to environment in the same way
If population lacks traits that enable them to survive & reproduce, entire population could die off

36. Transfer of genetic material through reproduction is essential for survival of population
Continuity of a species is contingent upon the genetic processes
If organism can reproduce sexually AND asexually, they have an adaptive advantage for survival

37. B-5.3 Explain how diversity within a species increases the chances of survival
You should be able to:
Summarize the ways that diversity affects a species chances of survival
Exemplify favorable traits that ensure reproductive success or species survival
Infer the fate of a particular species in the face of a specific environmental change based on the degree of diversity of its members
Compare the chances of 2 species to survive in the face of a specific environmental change

38. Shared between species that can interbreed
All genes (includes different alleles) of all individuals in the population

39. Genetic change in 1 individual can spread through population How??:
Individual mating with others in population
Producing offspring with similar change
Affected offspring reproducing

40. If the change increases fitness:
Change will be beneficial
(it’s good!)
Eventually found in many individuals in population

41. Same gene pool
different genotypes (letters)
different phenotypes (looks)
 diversity,  chances for species to survive during environmental changes

42. (than those with less favorable phenotypes)
Well-suited individuals:
Survive
Reproduce
At higher rates
(than those with less favorable phenotypes)

43. Favorable phenotypes:
Increase in frequency
Become more common
Increase the chances of survival of species

44. Enhance reproductive success Examples:
Coloration
Odors
Competitive strength
Courting behaviors

45. B-5.4 Explain how genetic variability & environmental factors lead to biological evolution.
You should be able to:
Summarize the factors influencing genetic variability in a population
Summarize the Hardy-Weinberg principle
Explain the process of speciation
Summarize the patterns of macroevolution
Compare gradual & mass extinction

46. Genetic drift
Gene flow
Non-random mating
Mutations
Natural selection

47. Random change in frequency of alleles of a population over time
Rare alleles decrease in frequency
Eventually become eliminated
Due to chance
Other alleles increase in frequency
Become fixed
Phenotypic changes more apparent in smaller populations

48. Populations gets significantly smaller in a short period of time
Due to random environmental event
Chance of survival is random
No individual given preference over the other

49. Small group/population splits off from original population to form a new one
When new colony is small, founders can strongly affect the population's genetic make-up far into the future

50. Movement of genes into or out of a population
Occurs during movement of individuals between populations
Migration
increases variation of receiving population

51. Limits frequency of expression of certain alleles
Selecting your mate; being “choosey”
Limits frequency of expression of certain alleles
RANDOM mating ensures that each individual has an equal chance of passing alleles to offspring

52. If genes mutate, new alleles may be introduced into the population
Increase the frequencies & types of allele changes within the population
If genes mutate, new alleles may be introduced into the population
Allele frequencies change

53. Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive
Survival of the fittest
Traits passed on to future generations

54. When there is NO CHANGE in allele frequencies within a species
Hardy-Weinberg principle

55. 5 Conditions (required to maintain genetic equilibrium)
Population must be VERY LARGE
(No genetic drift occurs)
NO movement into or out of population (no gene flow)
Random mating MUST occur
NO MUTATIONS within gene pool
NO natural selection
p. 401 & 402 in textbook

56. (The sum of the frequencies of both alleles is 100%.)
Allele Frequencies
p = the frequency of the dominant allele (represented here by A)
q = the frequency of the recessive allele (represented here by a)
For a population in genetic equilibrium:
p + q = 1.0
(The sum of the frequencies of both alleles is 100%.)

57. Genotype Frequencies
(p + q)2 = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 = frequency of AA
(homozygous dominant)
2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
q2 = frequency of aa
(homozygous recessive)

58. B-5.4 Part II: Explain how genetic variability & environmental factors lead to biological evolution.
You should be able to:
Summarize the factors influencing genetic variability in a population
Summarize the Hardy-Weinberg principle
Explain the process of speciation
Summarize the patterns of macroevolution
Compare gradual & mass extinction

59. Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium
Adaptive radiation/divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Extinction

60. Gradual changes of a species Over long periods of time Example:
Gradual trend toward larger or smaller body size

61. Periods of abrupt changes in a species
After long periods of little change within species
Example:
Sudden change in species size or shape
Due to environmental factors

62. Different species diverge (split-off) from a common ancestor
Results in homologous structures
Over many generations
Organisms (whose ancestors were all of the same species) evolve variety of characteristics
Allow them to survive in different niches

63. Different groups of organisms living in similar environments
Produces species similar in appearance & behavior
Analogous structures:
Structures similar in appearance & function
Different evolutionary origins

64. 2 or more species
Live near each other
Species change in response to each other
Evolution of 1 species may affect evolution of the other

65. Elimination of a species
Often occurs when species as a whole cannot adapt to change in environment
2 types:
Gradual
Rapid

66. Speciation & gradual extinction occur at approximately the same rate
Occurs at a slow rate
May be due to:
Other organisms
Climate changes
Natural disasters
Speciation & gradual extinction occur at approximately the same rate

67. Occurs when catastrophic event changes the environment very suddenly
Examples:
Massive volcanic eruption
Meteor hitting the Earth

68. B-5.5 Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology that underlies the theory of biological evolution.
You should be able to:
Identify fields of science that provide evidence for biological evolution
Illustrate evidence for biological evolution using pictures, diagrams or words
Infer relationships among organisms based on evidence from each field of science listed
Summarize the ways that each field of science listed provides evidence for evolutionary relationships

69. Anatomy-homologous structures & vestigial organs
Embryology-study embryonic development
Biochemistry-study genes & proteins
Paleontology-study fossils (prehistoric life)

70. Study of structures of organisms
Homologous structures:
possible relationship between evolutionary paths of 2 species
Explained by divergent evolution
Same internal structure, shared common ancestor, different function
Vestigial Organs:
- structures with little or no function
- remnants from common ancestors

71. Study of the embryonic development of organisms
Comparing anatomies of embryos
Early stages of development: pre-birth, pre-hatching, pre-germination

72. Study of chemical processes in organisms
Studies genes & proteins to provide support for biological evolution

73. Study of prehistoric life
Fossil record:
Provides valid evidence of life forms & environments along a timeline
Supports evolutionary relationships
By showing similarities between current species & ancient species
Shows pattern of gradual change from past to present

74. Reveals history that tells a story of types of organisms that lived on Earth
Includes extinct organisms
Provides relative ages of fossils

75. Fossil record – INCOMPLETE WHY??
Most organisms do not form fossils
Have not found all fossils
Under the ocean!
Many gaps have been filled in as more fossils have been discovered
Older fossils, less resemblance to modern species

76. B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate & critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.
You should be able to:
Compare the evidence within the fields that scientists use to critically analyze evolutionary ancestry
Recall the evidence that analogous & homologous structures provide for evolutionary relationships
Infer how the fossil record has challenged scientists in paleontology
Explain how biochemists use DNA evidence to show evolutionary relationships

77. Study of data to trace history of species or group or related species
Evolutionary history
Study of data to trace history of species or group or related species
Theory developed:
All forms of life on Earth are related
Ancestry of organisms can be traced back to common origin
Evidence found in living & fossil organisms
Physical features, structure of proteins, sequences in DNA/RNA

78. Tree showing evolutionary relationships among species sharing a common ancestor
Each node with descendants  most recent common ancestor
Lengths correspond to time estimates

79. Classifies organisms into hierarchical groups
Shows:
Relatively recent common ancestors
Shows sharing of homologous features

83. What structure do all organisms in this cladogram share?
Vertebrae
What do the four most recent organisms share?
Amniotic egg
Which shared a more recent common ancestor? Amphibians & Primates OR Primates & Rodents/Rabbits
Primates & Rodents/Rabbits
List the characteristics that amphibians and primates share.
Vertebrae, Bony Skeleton, Four Limbs
Vertebrae
Amniotic egg
Primates & Rodents/Rabbits
Vertebrae, bony skeleton, four limbs,