1. REPORTED SPEECH

2. If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported speech .
Podemos contar lo que alguien ha dicho de dos maneras:
1- Repitiendo sus palabras exactas –Direct speech
2- Contando lo que ha dicho pero no las palabras exactas- Indirect or Reported speech.

3. REPORTED SPEECH
Cuando vamos a contar lo que alguien ha dicho, reported speech, tenemos en cuenta tres tipos de oraciones:
1- Oraciones enunciativas- Statements
2- Oraciones interrogativas- Questions
3- Oraciones imperativas, órdenes, peticiones y sugerencias – commands, orders, requests and suggestions

4. This is how we report statements.
“I am doing my homework now,” said Tom.
Tom
said
that he
was doing
his homework
then.
We need to change references to times.
Now let’s take a look at some of
these changes in more detail.
Again references to people change because the point of view changed.
“My” refers to Tom’s, so we change it to “his”.
Finally don’t forget to remove the speech marks (inverted commas) around the spoken words.
The use of “that” is optional in English.
Speakers are always mentioned at the beginning of the sentence in the reported speech.
Reporting verbs like “say, tell, explain…” are used in the Past Simple and placed after the subject.
References to people change because the point of view changes.
“I” refers to Tom, so we change it to “he”.
Tenses move back into the past.
In this case the Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous.

5. REPORTED SPEECH
When the introductory verb (say, tell, inform, state, claim…) is in the present, present perfect or future tense, no change in tense or adverbs of time and place is necessary
Direct speech:
He says: “I don’t understand this question”.
Reported speech:
He says that he doesn’t understand this question.

6. REPORTED SPEECH
When the introductory verb is in the Past Tense, there is a change of tense and adverbs of time and place.
Direct speech:
He said: “I don’t understand this question”.
Reported speech:
He said that he didn’t understand that question.

7. REPORTED SPEECH
SAY and TELL If you say who you are talking to, use tell: Sonia told me that you were ill. (not “Sonia said me”) What did you tell the police? (not “say the police”)
Otherwise use say: Sonia said that you were ill. (not “Sonia told that..”) What did you say?
But you can “say something to somebody”: Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not “Ann said me goodbye.”) What did you say to the police?

8. REPORTED SPEECH
PAY ATTENTION TO CHANGES:
- Verbal tenses.
- Personal pronouns, possessives, demonstratives.
- Time, place adverbs.

9. BACKSHIFT OF TENSES

10. Note that we only change the first verb from present into past.
TENSE CHANGES: present
make/makes
made
am/is/are making
was/weremaking
has/have made
had made
don’t/doesn’t make
didn’t
make
Note that we only change the first verb from present into past.

11. TENSE CHANGES: past had + past participle went had gone didn’t go
hadn’t gone
was/were going
had been going
When the tense is past we need to add
had + past participle
Verbs already in the past perfect do not change.

12. TENSE CHANGES: modal verbs
can
could
will
would
may
might
must
must or
had to
The past modals could, would, should and might do not change.

13. CHANGES in PLACE & TIME here there this that/the these those now then
today
that day

14. the next day / the following day the day before/ the previous day
CHANGES in PLACE & TIME
tonight
that night
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
next week
the following week
yesterday
the day before/ the previous day
last month
the previous month

15. This is how we report questions.
REPORTED SPEECH
This is how we report questions.
When transforming questions note that you have to
transform the question into an indirect question
There are two types of questions:
WH-questions: WH-word stays as conjunction
YES-NO-questions: we introduce conjunction if or whether
Important: Word order changes into that of a statement.

16. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting Questions *Order of Reported Question:
A) YES / NO QUESTIONS:
*Order of Reported Question:
Subject + Verb - as in Statements
No question mark
Ex: “Are you working these days?” he said.
He asked if/whether I was working those days.
Ex: “Did you speak to John last night?” she asked
She wanted to know if I had spoken to John, the night before.

17. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting Questions:
B) WH- QUESTIONS
Reporting Verb + Question Word (s) + Subject + Verb
(The Word Order is again the same as in Statements)
Ex: “Where did you go last summer?”.
He asked me where I had gone the previous summer.
Ex: “How long were you waiting for us?”
She wanted to know how long I had been waiting for them.

18. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting Verbs:
Verb + “that clause”: Admit, declare, explain, insist, recommend, reply, reveal, say, suggest…
Ex: “We took the wrong way” she said She explained that they had taken the wrong way.
2) Verb + Indirect Object + (not) to infinitive: ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell…
Ex: “Would you like to come to my party?” she said.
She invited me to go to her party.
Ex: “Don’t do that” He told me not to do that.

19. REPORTED SPEECH Reporting Verbs:
3) Verb + to infinitive: agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten…
Ex: “I’ll do it” she said. She offered to do it.
4) Verb + (preposition) + verb(-ing): accuse, apologise, recommend, suggest, …
Ex: “Let’s go to the theatre” She suggested going to the theatre.
Ex: “I’m sorry I’m late” He apologised for being late

20. Ex: He said: “Don’t mention that”  He told me not to
REPORTED SPEECH
This is how we report commands
The Imperative changes into (Not) To Infinitive:
Ex: He said to us: “Stay here” He told us to stay there
The Reporting Verb must indicate “order”:
Ex: He said: “Don’t mention that”  He told me not to
mention that.
Ex: “Say that again”, he said to me  He ordered me to
say that again

21. REPORTING SUGGESTIONS:
REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTING SUGGESTIONS:
normally use suggest + gerund
OR suggest that + Clause
Let’s, why don’t we, shall we, why not… are omitted:
“Let’s go to the theatre”
“Why don’t we go to the theatre?”
“Shall we go to the theatre?”
She suggested going to the theatre
She suggested that we (should) go to the theatre
“Let’s not argue again,” he said.
He suggested not arguing again
He suggested that they should not argue again.

22. beg, ask, demand, request + (not) to
REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTING REQUESTS
We use these Reporting Verbs:
beg, ask, demand, request + (not) to
(The word “please” is omitted)
“Can I go out tonight, mum, please?” The boy begged.
The boy begged to go out that night.
“John, don’t open the window, please” I said
I asked /requested/begged John not to open the window.
“Can I use your phone?” I asked my neighbour
I asked my neighbour to use her phone OR (as a question)
I asked my neighbour if I could use her phone