1. The Byzantine Empire and Russia

2. The Byzantine Empire Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the growth & strength of the Byzantine Empire
Explain how the Christian church came to be divided
Analyze the cultural contributions made by the Byzantines
Explain the factors that contributed to the down fall of the Byzantine Empire

3. The Byzantine Empire

4. The Byzantine Empire Justinian Code was a collection of Roman laws
Code- contained useful Roman laws
Digest- summarized Roman legal opinions
Institutes- guide for law students
Novellae- laws passed after AD 534

5. Byzantine Empire Justinian Code Formed basis of Byzantine law
Provided framework for many European legal systems
Preserved Roman idea that people should be ruled by laws, not by leaders whims
Able Advisors
Theodora- encouraged Justinian to increase women's rights
Altered divorce laws, allowed Christian women to own property equal to a dowry
Belisarius- General of the army, ended Nika revolt

6. Strengths of the Empire
Strong and Centralized Government
Officials were skilled, efficient, well paid
Created alliances through marriages
Military forces well trained, weapons/armor well designed
Greek Fire- chemical weapon of the Navy, liquid that burst into flames
Eastern Roman Empire
Constantinople was source of strength, location allowed control of sea trade routes between Europe and Asia

7. The Christian Church
Icon- holy picture of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or the Saints
Iconoclasts- believed having icons was the same as worshipping idols
Iconoclastic Controversy was a battle about the use of icons in the Christian Church

8. The Christian Church Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Clergy
No Married Priests
Married Priest allowed
Icons
No icons allowed
Icons rejected at first then later accepted
Leadership
Roman Pope was supreme church authority
Patriarch of Constantinople
Trinity
Accepted Holy Trinity
Believed God the Father was more important than the Son or Holy Spirit

9. Byzantine Culture
Cyril and Methodius created the Cyrillic alphabet to teach the Bible to Slavs
Art
Religion was the main subject
Murals, Paintings, icons, and mosaics
Location of image important
Helped people look toward the afterlife

10. Byzantine Culture Architecture Built the Hagia Sophia…a church
Byzantines were the 1st to solve the issue of putting a dome over a rectangular building

11. The Decline
After Justinian died the empire was weakened and taken over by various groups from different locations
The Seljuiq Turks capture of Asia Minor affected the empire because it was a source for food and soldiers.
Western Roman Empire helped regain Constantinople but later captured the city
The Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks

12. The Rise of Russia Objectives
Explain why different peoples settled in Eastern Europe
Describe how Kievan Russia differed from the Byzantine Empire

13. The Setting and People
Ural Mountains serve as a border between Europe and Asia
The steppe covers the southern part of the great plains of Russia
Rivers crisscross the plain to provide transportation
Eastern Europe primarily populated by the Slavs
Vikings moved into Eastern Europe to build trade routes

15. Kievan Russia
Cities of Kiev and Novgorod lie along the Viking trade route
Rurik- leader of the Rus people
Kiev prospered bc of location as trade route between Constantinople and the Baltic Sea
Kiev served as the capital for 300 years

16. Kievan Government
Governed by princes and a council of nobles called boyars
Held town meetings (veche) to and discuss important matters…war and disputes between princes
Yaroslav the wise introduced the Pravda Russkia, a code of laws
“Russian Justice” was a combination of fines and vengeance

17. Kievan Religion
Traders and Greek missionaries brought Christianity to the area
Vladimir I- 1st Russian ruler to convert to Christianity in order to marry Byzantine emperor daughter
Ordered Kievan Russia to become Christian
Many worshipped the spirits of their ancestors or gods of nature
Religious writings, singing, and art dominated the culture

18. Kievan Economy 2 agricultural regions, the steppe and taiga
Traded agricultural products and provided slaves to the Byzantines
Trade helped develop Kievan into a strong, wealthy power
Kievan Class Society
Local Princes and family
Boyars
Town Artisans and merchants devoted to trade
Peasants, produced all crops that fed Russia
Clergy- performed religious ceremonies and ran the hospitals and charities

19. Russia and the Mongols Objectives
Identify the ways in which Mongol rule affected Kievan Russia.
Describe the effects of Moscow’s growing power and independence.

20. Attacks on Kiev Reasons for decline
Declined due to infighting among Kievan rulers sons
Turkish Polovtsy controlled trade south of Kiev
Competition with Italian city-states that developed new trade routes
The sacking of Kiev
Mongol Invasion

21. Kievan under the Mongols
Ruled from 1240 to about 1500
Gained wealth by taxing heavily
Used peasants for as labor for projects
Mongol influence
Built roads to improve transportation
Improved communication
Customs, traditions, behavior, and some language entered Russian Society

22. Kievan Russia & its neighbor
Lithuania and Poland established hostile kingdom to the eastern Slavs
Poland converted to Catholicism (Western Christianity)
Other Slavs kept the eastern Orthodox religion
Slavs become suspicious of Western Europeans

24. Rise of Moscow
Prince Ivan I was known as the Great Prince by the Mongols
Head of the Orthodox Church moved to Moscow
Ivan the Great
Took control and power away from the Mongols
Established independent state of Russia
Began absolute monarchy in Russia

25. Ivan IV…the Terrible Became heir to throne at age of 3
Took the title of czar
Developed modern legal system and code
Renewed trade with Western Europe
Formed the oprichniki to arrest boyars
Laid foundation for new Russian state that stretched from Siberia to the Caspian Sea

27. Church Growth Grew richly by acquiring land and donations
Became the center of the Orthodox Church after the fall of Constantinople
Called Moscow the “Third Rome”
Elaborate dome churches
Thought churches would inspire people & make Russia the spiritual light to the whole world.