1. Chapter 3: Sound and Image
Courtesy Kendelyn Ouellette

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Objectives
Produce a commercial or promotional short.
Classify and utilize the types of audio that make up a sound mix.
Evaluate uses of sound in a variety of movies.
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3. Matching Image and Sound
Synchronous sound
Reproducing sound
Phonograph
Amplifier
Sound-on-disc systems
Vitaphone and The Jazz Singer
Optical sound (or “sound-on-film”)
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Synchronization
Time codes to keep picture & sound constant
Slate
Specific frame when sticks hit is matched with sound track
Digital slates indicate time code
Frame rates and sound time code (or constant speed) must be perfectly monitored to retain sync
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Sound Crew
Production sound mixer
Use of microphones
Setting and mixing
proper levels
Communication with director
and other departments
Boom operator
To capture best possible sound
To keep boom pole, microphones, and shadows out of frame
Courtesy Mike Chase
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Equipment
Boom and exterior tools
Boom pole – careful operation is a key
Windscreen, including blimp
Microphones
Radio microphone
Cardioid microphone
Shotgun microphone
Recording devices
Nagra (constant speed reel-to-reel)
Hard disk recording
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Components of the Mix
Ambient sound
Wild sound
Off-screen voices
Nonsync sound effects
recorded during production
Foley effects
Automated Dialogue Replacement (ADR)
Looping of dialogue
Dubbing
Courtesy Kendelyn Ouellette
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Music
Is the music heard by people in movie or not?
Score
Collaboration between composer and production team, particularly director
Typically recorded in sync with final cut of movie
Musical motion picture
Music or songs previously recorded and used during production or recorded while shooting
Prerecorded music
Edit completed to match the selected music
Songs commonly used when prerecorded music is employed
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Sound Design
Crafting a sound world to function in conjunction with the visual reality
Creation of effects
Mixing of many sound elements
Coordination of picture and sound in editing
Key figures
Walter Murch
Ben Burtt
Alan Splet
Skip Lievsay
Courtesy of
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10. Dialogue and Screenwriting
Scene heading
Interior or exterior
Location
Time of day
Action
Tells the reader about observed actions and visual aspects of the scene (also called scene directions or body copy).
Dialogue
Separated from body copy by a blank line above and below.
Name of the character in bold above dialogue.
Spoken words placed in interior margin.
Courtesy 20th Century Fox/Photofest
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Summary
In Chapter 3, you explore the integral place of sound in motion picture communication.
Tools such as microphones, mixers, slates, and boom poles are commonly used in the process of audio recording for motion pictures, while elements of the sound mix such as production recording, foley effects, wild sound, music, ADR, and other types can combine to create the sound design of a movie.
© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning