1. Word Formation Ι
영어영문학과
이선화

2. Contents 3.1 Morphemes 3.2 Allomorphs 3.3 Type of Morphemes
3.3.1 Free Morphemes
3.3.2 Bound Morphemes
3.4 Root and Stem

3. 3.1 Morphemes

4. 3.1 Morphemes(형태소)
Morpheme is the smallest unit of a language. But structurally a word is not the smallest unit. Because many word can be separated into smaller meaningful units.

5. 3.1 Morphemes(형태소) Ex) denaturalization
de- / nature / -al / -ize / -ation /
→ Each of them have meaning of its own
These fragments cannot divided
= they would not make any sense.

6. 3.1 Morphemes(형태소)
Though -ation has a number of variants, such as –tion,
-sion, -ion, they have same suffix.
They belong to the same suffix as they have the same
meaning and grammatical function.

7. 3.1 Morphemes(형태소)
With this analysis, we can understand the morpheme is
the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

8. 3.2 Allomorphs
(이형태)

9. 3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Morphemes are realized by single morphs like
bird, tree, green, want..
They can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.
⇒ monomorphemic words

10. 3.2 Allomorphs (이형태)
But some cases, there are exist more than one morph according to their position in a word.
Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.

11. cats /s/ bags /z/ matches /iz/
Ex1) [ -s ]
To inform about plurality, we use [ -s ]. It has a number of allomorphs in different sound context.
cats /s/ bags /z/ matches /iz/
But this phenomena of language do not occur at random. We can predictable.

12. 3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Exception) foot – feet man – men goose – geese
t, p, k
+ s
/-s/
d, b, g, l
/-z/
s, zʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ
+ es
/-iz/
Exception)
foot – feet man – men goose – geese
deer - deer fish – fish
zero morph

13. 3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Ex2) [ -ed ]
As past tense marker, it is realized by /t/, /d/, /id/.
/p/ /k/ + /ed/ = worked, helped /t/
/m,n,g,l/ + /ed/ = tried, warmed, enabled /d/
/t/ /d/ + /ed/ = wanted, landed /id/

14. 3.2 Allomorphs (이형태) Ex3) [ in- ]
This prefix has allomorphs such as /im, ir, il/ depending
on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added.
/ im / /p,b,m/ = improper, imbalance
/ ir / / r / = irreconcilbale
/ il / / l / = illegible

15. 3.3 Type of Morphemes

16. 3.3 Type of Morphemes
Morphemes can divide into free morphemes and bound morphemes.
3.3.1 free morphemes
These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.
Each of them consists of a single free root
Ex) man, earth, wind, car, anger
So we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.

17. 3.3 Type of Morphemes 3.3.2 Bound Morphemes
These morphemes cannot occur as separate words are bound. And they are bound to other morphemes to form words.
Each of the three words comprises three morphemes.
Ex) recollection → re + collect + ion
idealistic → ideal + ist + ic
exprisoner → ex + prison + er

18. 3.3 Type of Morphemes collect, ideal, prison can exist by themselves,
so we can call these free morphemes.
And the rest re, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex, and –er are bound as none of theme are freestanding units.

19. 3.3 Type of Morphemes
The English language possesses a multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes.
ex) antecedent
root meaning : approach, go to
ante / ced / ent suffix meaning : a thing
prefix meaning : before
Antecedent meaning is ‘something that goes before.’
These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types – bound root and affix

20. 1. Bound root
It is part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root. But unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.
ex) ‘-dict’ means say or speak, but it is not a word in its own right. So it can form words with affixes.
contra
= against
+ dict
= speak
contradict
= speak against
pre
= before
predict
= speak before
With the suffix, we form many words.

21. 2. Affixes
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups.
1) Inflectional affixes
2) Derivational affixes

22. 1) Inflectional affixes
Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate Grammatical
relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.
There is the regular plural suffix –s(-es). It is added to nouns
ex1) machines, fridges, desks, radios, potatoes.

23. ex2) She likes to boast about herself and her family.
The same forms –s(-es) can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular.
ex2) She likes to boast about herself and her family.
He works like a professional.
She goes to school early in the morning.

24. The form’s is another one used to indicate the possessive case of nouns.
ex3)
A new children's library has proven a big hit with local parents.
They also believed it was the man's role to make important decisions.

25. happy - happier - happiest
Ex4) -er -est
Suffixes are attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees.
happy - happier - happiest
hard - harder – hardest

26. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable, it makes English one of the easiest languages to learn.

27. 2) Derivational affixes
Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Also it can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes come before the word.
pre + war , sub + sea
Suffixes after the word
blood + y , north + word

28. Diagram free = free root morpheme bound root prefix bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional

29. 3.4 Root and Stem
Root
It is basic form of word which cannot be further and analyzed. Whether free or bound it carries the main component of meaning in a word.
ex) internationalists
inter-/ –al / -ist / -s and leaves the root nation. But if we divide nation into
na/tion or nat/ion
the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost.

30. So now, we understand ‘root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed’

31. ex) internationalists
Stem
Stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It is a form which is affixes of any kind can be added.
ex) internationalists
→ nation is a root and a stem as well. All the rest national, international, internationalist are stem.
To be safe, we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than a root.

32. Thank you