2. 1. Great poverty is common.

3. A. The middle class is rare and opportunities to improve are few.

4. B. Problems resulting from poverty:
1. Illiteracy

5. B. Problems resulting from poverty:
2. Hunger

6. B. Problems resulting from poverty:
3. Disease

7. B. Problems resulting from poverty:
4. Poor Infrastructure

8. C. Small, Elite Ruling Class

9. 2. Most live in rural areas

10. 65%-85% rural population

11. B. Rural areas lack many opportunities for development

12. 3. Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation of Africa

13. A. Little income, little savings

14. B. Women produce most of Africa’s food

15. C. Modern farming techniques/equipment are rare.

16. D. Crop yields are low.

17. 4. Per capita food output in most countries has declined or has not increased since independence

18. A. Today’s Africans eat 10% less than 20 years ago.

19. B. poor agricultural practices

20. C. rapid population growth

21. D. warfare and drought cause shortages

22. 5. Drought is a persistent problem in most countries

23. A. occurs repeatedly in some areas

24. B. Sahel – region south of the Sahara

25. 6. Lack of education hinders development

26. A. 2/3 of African countries have less than 50% literacy rate.

27. B. In many areas female literacy rate is far below males.
Low female literacy = high birth rate

28. 7. Poor transportation hinders development

29. A. High heat and humidity makes building difficult.

30. B. lack of technical skills

31. C. poor transportation = poor trade

32. 8. Serious public health problems

33. A. Infant mortality rate is 137 per 1000 (12 per 1000 in US).
High birth rates usually mean high infant mortality.

34. B. High incidence of disease and parasites due to tropical climates.

35. C. shortage of doctors and medicines

36. 9. The national economies of all countries except South Africa are under-industrialized and overly dependent on the export of a few primary products, particularly minerals and cash crops

37. A. Africa produces food and raw materials for overseas.

38. economies are dependent on the demand for these products; no demand = no $

39. C. creates unfavorable balance of trade
Finished goods sell for more than raw materials.

40. 10. Almost all countries are heavily in debt to foreign lenders

41. A. Many late 1970s loans were made based on economic growth that didn’t occur.

42. B. IMF and World Bank have asked for austerity measures before restructuring debt.

43. 11. Economic and humanitarian assistance to the region has slowed since the end of the Cold War era

44. A. No more communist threatUS aid to Sub Saharan Africa was cut by 30% between 1985 and 1992.

45. B. “compassion fatigue”

46. 12. Authoritarian govts have been the rule since independence, but progress towards democracy is now widespread

47. A. Many countries have a history of military govts and one party states often dominated by one ethnic group.
Idi Amin of Uganda

48. B. Democratic elections often come with violence.

49. 13. Serious political instability in many countries

50. is based on tribal rivalries which are reflected in issues of economic class and political representation

51. 14. A diverse array of political, economic and social ideas from the West, the Communist bloc, the Muslim world and traditional African values influence Africa today

52. A. From the West: democracy, capitalism, socialism, land ownership

53. B. from Communism: one party military dictatorships

54. C. from Islam: theocracies

55. D. traditional African values – roles of men and women, leadership, land ownership

56. 15. Although formal political colonialism has vanished, most countries still have important links with the colonial powers that formerly controlled them

57. A. and many of the corporations that operated in the colonial era still have a strong presence.