1. Agricultural Revolutions
Food in the World

2. First, what do you eat in a week?
From the book “Hungry Planet”
First, what do you eat in a week?

3. Germany
Food expenditure for one week: $500

4. India
Food expenditure for 1 week: $39.27

5. Japan
Food expenditure for one week: $317.25

6. Ecuador
Food expenditure for one week: $31.55

7. Chad
Food expenditure for one week: $1.23

8. Mexico
Food expenditure for one week: $189.09

9. Italy
Food expenditure for one week: $260.11

10. Egypt
Food expenditure for one week: $68.53

11. Bhutan
Food expenditure for one week: $5.03

12. USA
Food expenditure for one week: $341.98

13. Types of agriculture

14. Nomadic Herding (Pastoralism)
The rearing of animals on natural pastures.
This practice is followed by the people of the semi arid and arid regions.
They keep moving with their animals in search of natural pastures and lead a nomadic life.

15. Pastoralism: Where and What
The herded livestock include cattle, yaks, sheep, goats, reindeer, horses, camels, donkeys

16. Subsistence Agriculture
Farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.
The output is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus for trade.
Most often found in countries closer to the equator

18. Commercial Agriculture
The opposite of subsistence agriculture
In commercial agriculture the producer is farming with intent to sell some or even all their production.

19. What’s the Difference Intensive Farming Extensive Farming
This refers to the intensification and mechanization of the agriculture
Lots of capital, labour, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, etc.
Increased yield of the crop per hectare.
Usually smaller farms, closer to cities
More traditional methods of farming are used
Less use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Large amount of land
Small amounts of labour
Lower output
The crop yield depends primarily on the soil, climate and water

20. Slash and Burn Agriculture
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing and burning to create more nutrients in the soil
Done in areas with abundant rainfall and high temperatures
Produces crops of rice, corn, sugar cane.
This is usually subsistence farming. South America, Central and west Africa, South East Asia.

21. Plantation Agriculture
A large farm that needs a lot of workers, crops are grown for profit; often run by rich foreign companies
Found in Latin America, Africa, Asia
The most important crops are cotton, rubber, sugarcane, coffee, tobacco.
They import workers and provide them with housing food and social services.

22. History of Agriculture

23. Before Agriculture People were hunter-gatherers
¼ million still survive this way
Bushmen of the Kalahari (Botswana and Namibia

24. The Advent of Agriculture
Agriculture allowed people to stay in one place
This lead to the first settlements and civilizations

25. First Agricultural Revolution
AKA the Neolithic Revolution
The transformation of societies from hunting /gathering to farming.
Occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC BC
The earliest known farming was in the Middle East
Goes along with the first cities
Animal and plant domestication

26. Fertile Crescent
Agriculture arose independently in several areas around the world, the first was in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 BC
Also known as the Cradle of Civilization, a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East

27. Domestication of Animals
Dogs came first (before agriculture); traditionally were bred for hunting, guarding or working with livestock.

28. Second Agricultural Revolution
Helped to improve food production to feed more than just the farmer and a village
Railroads cut time for transporting goods so that food doesn't rot before it reaches the consumer
Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
Massive expansion of cities

29. Farming became mechanized and commercial with the development of new inventions and technology (tractor, seed drill)

30. Third Agricultural Revolution
AKA the Green Revolution
1930s-1960s
Advanced technology is used for farming and to increase farming yields
Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides
Development of genetically engineered crops (GE) or GMOs

31. The “Father of the Green Revolution”
Norman Borlaug ( )
An American biologist and humanitarian who was behind the huge increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution
He is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation.
6:58
He developed high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties (not through modifying the genes, but through cross-breeding and other methods)

32. Green Revolution in India
Yes, while crop yields increased dramatically, there were a lot of problems
The new crops needed 10 times the water, and expensive fertilizers
Dams had to be built
Famine was common
Small farmers could not easily get loans to buy the expensive fertilizers
2:19, The Impact of the Green Revolution on India