1. The difficulty of a totally new language.
How did you feel?
Frustrated?
Angry or irritated?
Foolish? Intense?
Advantage – you comprehend the purpose of language
Common expressions and questions
Logic

2. The “hearing” base comprehension of vocabulary on “logical thought”
The “hearing” base comprehension of vocabulary on “logical thought”. (Interpreting the context)
~~~~~~~~
“John stared at the painting over his desk and thought of the girl he had just met in the cafeteria.”
Describe this … “painting” to me.

3. As I ran into the hall, my books were:
A. Taken from me
B. Thrown to the floor
C. Still on my desk
Give me a scenario that would make each answer correct.

4. LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR THE HEARING IMPAIRED
Signs or motions
Lip reading (only if have heard at some point)
Very visual – watching faces

5. Some Common Problems:
Below avge. reading level
Weak logic
Maturation lag

6. INTERESTING IDEAS OF JAPAN EDUCATION FOR EARLY LEARNING

7. HISTORY OF EDUCATION FOR HEARING IMPAIRED
"Those who are born deaf all become senseless and incapable of reason.” … Aristotle
“Deaf people are incapable of language and ideas.” … Socrates
Yet over half a century before, Jewish law had granted the deaf some rights to property and marriage.

8. Hearing Impaired Education In the USA
Thomas Gallaudet:
Brought Laurent Clerc (teacher of the hearing impaired) with him from France and formulated basic ASL based on the French system but adapted for US English. He helped found the first school for the deaf in USA which later became Gallaudet University.

9. Thus ASL is similar to French sign language – not British sign language.
ASL (American Sign Language) … provided basis for most other countries with the exception of Britain, Australia and other British influenced countries.
(Beijing experience!!!)

10. THE GREAT DEBATE: ORALISM vs. MANUALISM
ORALISM: No signing allowed, lip reading and speech are the only means to optimal training for hearing impaired.
Alexander Graham Bell: Strong supporter of “oralism”.
Deaf mother and deaf wife
Supported the banning of sign language (1876)
His policy still supported by such schools as the Atlanta Speech School
Until the ‘50’s, “oralism” was a major focus of deaf education and banning of signing common in deaf education.

11. “Manualism”: Sign Language
For centuries, communities developed their own sign “languages”. (Martha’s Vinyard)
ASL (American Sign Language) developed from Gallaudet and Clerk as a formal sign language.
Most states developed residential schools for the hearing impaired. ~ Georgia School for the Deaf (1846)~
Gallaudet University was central to the acceptance of ASL and hearing impaired leadership in deaf education. (I. King Jordan-1988)

12. 1970’s “mainstreaming” … ASL was still not an official
1970’s “mainstreaming” … ASL was still not an official “language” though used in many schools for the deaf.
ASL now accepted as an official “language” and is accepted by most universities as qualifying as a “foreign language” in degree programs.
Characteristics of ASL vs oral English or Signed English.

13. Over a million functionally deaf in US 10 million hard of hearing
As of
2005
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Over a million functionally deaf in US
10 million hard of hearing

14. 1921 Invention of vacuum-tube hearing aids
1950 Behind ear aids

15. HOW DOES IT FEEL TO BE BLIND?
Let’s try it out!
What senses do you depend on for support?
What seemed to be the hardest part?
Is “trust” an issue?
Which do you feel is more challenging …. Deafness or blindness?

16. My experience working for a blind lawyer/politician:
Could describe me
Knew where he was on frequent road trips
Used coins to dictate measurement of pipes for water system
Chair of English Department was totally blind.
What “aids” are available to assist the blind?

17. HISTORY OF EDUCATION FOR THE BLIND
1st Evidence of interest in dealing with blindness was among ancient Egyptians.
1700’s 1st real efforts at education began England and France
Louis Braille attends French school for the blind and
develops the Braille system of writing used by many countries. He was blind in both eyes due to early childhood accident.

18. 1880’s Compulsory education for the blind in U
1880’s Compulsory education for the blind in U.S but not practiced in all states Georgia Academy for the Blind established – Macon. Ga. 1970’s “Mainstreaming” is advocated for the visually impaired Estimate of 45,000 deaf/blind in US

19. 1829 -- Perkins Institution for the Blind in New
Perkins Institution for the Blind in New England opens as 1st US Institution dedicated to educating the visually impaired.
Laura Bridgman comes to Perkins and becomes 1st deaf/blind person to be educated there.
1887 – graduate Anne Sullivan is sent to Tuscumbia,
Alabama, to teach Helen Keller.

20. ANNE SULLIVAN ---- TO HELEN KELLER
Helen Keller is born in Tuscumbia, Alabama
1887 Anne Sullivan moves to the Keller home
Only 14 years older than Helen Keller
Had serious vision problems
Helen Keller ( )
multiple university degrees
noted speaker and author
help found the ACL (American Civil Liberties Union)
traveled world wide
Swedenborgian

21. THE MIRACLE WORKER Drama of events and the relationship of Helen Keller to her teacher, Anne Sullivan.