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Political & Economic Systems
Ch. 4 Sec. 3
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Jobs of any Govn’t Maintain social order Provide national security
Provide social services to the people Support economic stability & growth
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Levels of Govn’t Most will have national, regional, and local
U.S., Texas, Sugar Land Two diff. ways of organizing them- Unitary system Federal system
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Unitary System All key powers held by national govn’t
(unified) National govn’t then creates the lower levels and gives them limited sovereignty Sovereignty = complete independence or self-rule Ex’s: United Kingdom & France
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Federal System Powers are divided b/w national and state govn’ts.
Supreme power is given to national (federal) level States have powers fed. govn’t cannot touch (sovereignty in certain areas) Ex’s: USA, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, India
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Levels of Government Review
Unitary Federal Confederate Strong Central Government Shared Powers Strong States Governments
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Types of Govn’t How do they exercise authority?
Who runs the government? 3 diff. categories: Autocracy Oligarchy Democracy
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Autocracy Single person has all the power Two types:
Oldest and most common Get power from inheritance, or force (military, police) Two types: Totalitarian Dictatorship Monarchy
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Autocracy Totalitarian Dictatorship
Controls all aspects of society & economy People have no say, no power to limit ruler’s axns Ex’s: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Kim Jong Il
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Autocracy Monarchy Absolute monarch (king/queen) has all power
Typically inherited Ex’s: Saudi Arabia Constitutional monarch shares power with legislative branch Ex’s: UK, Japan
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Oligarchy Small group of people who hold power
Gets power by wealth, military, social position, religion Mostly in communist countries Leaders of communist party Most opposition is suppressed
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Democracy Leaders rule with consent of the people (popular sovereignty) Comes from Greek words ‘demos’ = people, and ‘kratia’= rule Two types: Direct Representative
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Democracy Direct- citizens vote and decide on all issues directly
No country has direct Can only occur in small groups Representative- citizens elect reps to make decisions based on their needs Republics have ALL officials elected Ex’s: USA, France, UK UK is a democracy with a constitutional monarch
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Types of Government Review
Autocracy Oligarchy Democracy Rule by one Rule by group Rule by all
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Economic Systems There are 3 basic questions to ask:
What and how many goods & services are produced? How should the above be produced? Who gets the goods & services that are produced? Each country answers differently…
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Frank and Earnest on Economics
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Frank and Earnest on Free Market
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Traditional Economy Rules & customs determined by habit, what the ancestors did Roles passed down thru generations Dad is farmer, son is a farmer Not a lot of individual choice People grow what they need to live Only in limited places Ex: Inuit society in Canada
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Market Economy Decisions made by individuals and private groups
Supply & demand ppl choose what to buy so businesses make what ppl want People choose what jobs they want & who they’ll work for Free enterprise/ capitalism Limited govn’t interference NO one has a PURE market economy
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Market Economy Mixed Economy- free enterprise supported and regulated by govn’t Govn’t keeps competition fair, trade free, supports public’s best interest Ex: USA, Japan, Singapore
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Command Economy Govn’t owns and directs the economy
Decisions about production & distribution of goods & services Controls ‘means of production’ (land, labor, capital) Goal is to distribute G&S equally Taxes support social services to all citizens
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Command Economy Socialism (France, Canada)
Equally distribute wealth is goal Public ownership of means of production Typically found in democratic nations Ppl elect reps who make economic decisions on their behalf Can be under range of free enterprise If you make a surplus, you can keep the extra instead of “sharing” it
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Command Economy Communism
Equally distribute wealth, goods, get rid of social classes (Marxism) Govn’t makes all economic decisions Typically by force/coercion, no voice of ppl Communist Party Most decline w/o free decision making/ incentives (USSR) Ex’s: China & Vietnam now allow some free enterprise to promote growth; North Korea does not
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Controlled by government Government controls Basic industries
Communism (Command) Capitalism(Demand) Socialism Controlled by government Government controls Basic industries Controlled by market place
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