1. Organic Compounds
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2. This lecture will help you understand:
Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Functional Groups
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Amines and Alkaloids
Carbonyl Compounds
Polymers
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3. Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the study of carbon-containing chemical compounds.
An organic compound is a carbon-containing chemical compound. More than 13 million organic compounds are known.
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4. Organic Chemistry
Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds.
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5. Organic Chemistry C C N C C C N N N N C N O S S S O O O O S S O
347 kJ/mol N
159 kJ/mol C C C N N N N C N O
226
kJ/mol S S S O O O O S S O
138 kJ/mol
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6. Organic Chemistry
Carbon atoms also readily form bonds with many other types of atoms. This provides for a nearly infinite number of different kinds of organic compounds.
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7. Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon.
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8. Hydrocarbons
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9. Hydrocarbons
Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different configurations.
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10. "configuration" = "connectivity"
Hydrocarbons
A configuration is the specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another.
"configuration" = "connectivity"
Conformation is the spatial orientation of a single configuration.
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11. Number of possible isomers
Formula
C5H12 3
C6H14 5
C7H16 9
C8H18 18
C10H22 75
C20H42
366,319
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12. Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
What is the chemical formula for the following structure?
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
Explain your answer to your neighbor. H c H
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13. Hydrocarbons – Fractional Distillation
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14. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Carbon always forms four bonds.
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15. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Some of carbon's four bonds, however, may be within multiple bonds.
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16. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon that contains one or more multiple bonds.
A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the benzene ring.
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17. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
What is the chemical formula for the following structure?
C5H10
C5H12
C6H12
C6H14
Explain your answer to your neighbor. H H c H H H c c H H c c H H H
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18. Compounds having only single bonds between carbon atoms are said to be saturated compounds.
The ending –ane is used to name saturated compounds (single bonds)
For compounds containing a carbon-carbon double bond, the suffix –ene is used
For compounds containing a carbon-carbon triple bond, the suffix -yne is used

26. The existence of two or more substance with the same molecular formula, but different structures, is called isomerism
Theses structures are called isomers

27. Consider butane with the formula C4H10
There are 2 structures that can be written for this formula.
1. Butane
2. methylpropane
These are examples of structural isomers or skeleton isomers, since it is the carbon chain that is altered

30. A second type of isomerism is positional isomerism.
This is when 2 compounds that differ only in the position of something such as a double bond or an atom other than hydrogen and carbon.

31. The first 3 are all named hexene
We name isomers such as these by specifying on which carbon atom the double bond begins
So you start numbering from the end, giving the double bond the lowest number
Name the first 3 compounds above.

32. First one is named 1-hexene
2nd one is named 2-hexene
3rd one is named 3-hexene

33. Functional Groups
A heteroatom is any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule.
A functional group is a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit.
Organic molecules are classified by the functional groups they contain.
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34. Functional Groups
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35. Functional Groups CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
In which of the following structures is carbon bonded five times?
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
A. B. C. D.
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36. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl group.
Hydroxyl group
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37. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Methanol
(bp 65°C)
Ethanol
(bp 78°C)
2-Propanol
(bp 97°C)
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38. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Phenols contain the phenol group.
Phenol group
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39. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Phenols are acidic
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40. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
4-n-Hexylresorcinol
Thymol
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41. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Ethers contain the ether group, an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
Ether group
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42. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Dimethyl ether
(bp −25°C)
Diethyl ether
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43. Amine group Amines and Alkaloids Amines form alkaline solutions.
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44. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Ethyl amine
Hydroxide
ion
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45. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Phosphoric acid
Water soluble
Caffeine
Caffeine
salt
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46. Amines and Alkaloids CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of the following compounds should have a higher boiling point?
Structure A
Structure B
Both should have the same boiling point.
There is no way to tell.
Explain your answer to your neighbor. O N H
Structure A
Structure B
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47. Carbonyl Carbonyl Compounds
A carbonyl is a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.
Carbonyl
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48. Ketone group Aldehyde group Carbonyl Compounds
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49. Carbonyl Compounds
Acetone
Acetaldehyde
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50. Carbonyl Compounds Benzaldehyde Cinnamonaldehyde Vanillin
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51. Carbonyl Compounds
Amide group
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52. N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide
Carbonyl Compounds
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide
DEET
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53. Carbonyl Compounds
Carboxyl group
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54. Carbonyl Compounds Aspirin Salicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid
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55. Carbonyl Compounds
Ester group
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56. Carbonyl Compounds CH3OH H2SO4 Methyl salicylate Salicylic acid
(wintergreen)
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57. Carbonyl Compounds
Penicillin
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58. Carbonyl Compounds CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce the very smelly amine cadaverine, which is 1,5-pentanediamine?
The hydrogen (shown) must be removed and and replaced with an amino (NH2) group.
Lysine is 1,5-pentanediamine. Nothing has to be removed.
The carboxyl group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen.
One amino group must be removed and replaced with a hydrogen.
Explain your answer to your neighbor.
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59. Polymers
A polymer is a very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers.
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
Monomer
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60. C C C C C C C C C C Polymers H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
An addition polymer is a polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units. H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H
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61. Polyethylene Polymers H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C C C C
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62. Polymers – tough plastic
CH3 H
CH3 H
CH3 H
CH3 H
CH3 H
CH3
Propylene
Propylene
Propylene
Propylene
Propylene
Propylene
Polypropylene
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63. Polymers - PVC
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64. Polymers
A condensation polymer is a polymer formed when the joining of monomer units is accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.
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65. Polymers
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66. (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Polymers
Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown to the right.
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Citral
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67. (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Polymers
Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown below.
Beta-carotene
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
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