1. Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.3
Science
8th Grade
Notes: Standard 18
Learning Intention: 8.ESS2.3
Describe the relationship between the processes and forces that create igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
Terms/Phrases to Investigate
processes, forces, rock, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
Science and Engineering Practice(s)
Construct Explanations, Argue from Evidence
Crosscutting Concepts
Patterns, Cause and Effect, Stability and Change
I Can Statement
...I can describe the processes and forces that form igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

2. What are Rocks? What are rocks made of?
Rocks are solid aggregates comprised of one or more minerals.
What is aggregate in rocks?
Aggregate: combinations of particles of minerals.
What are minerals in rocks?
Naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline internal structure.

3. Igneous Rock Process Forces A.K.A. Magmatic rock
...is formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten rock . Examples: Granite, Basalt, Obsidian, etc.
Link (1:27): Igneous Rock Intro
Process
Step One: solid rock is heated until it liquifies
It undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid.
Step Two: This molten rock cools until it solidifies
It undergoes a phase change from liquid to solid.
Forces
Heat: Earth’s interior is very hot
...as hot as the surface of the Sun (10, 800 degrees Fahrenheit)
Pressure: Gravity causes tremendous pressure under ground
...the deeper you go, the greater the pressure

4. Sedimentary Rock Process Forces
Rock formed by lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediment. Three Types: (1) Clastic, (2) Chemical, & (3) Organic
Link (3:35): Sedimentary Rock Intro
Process
Step 1: Weathering (breaking rocks into small pieces)
Step 2: Erosion (movement/transportation of these pieces of rock)
Step 3: Deposition (accumulation of these pieces)
Step 4: Compaction (pressure squeezes the pieces together)
Step 5: Cementation (pieces are “glued” together)
Forces
Gravity: moves rock, makes water fall (rain) and flow downward
Thermal Expansion: rock expands/contracts with temp changes
Freeze/thaw cycle: ice in pores/cracks expands breaking the rock
Glacial Transportation: ice sheets scour, grind, and move rock
Chemical Reactions: chemical interactions of the sediment’s atoms

5. ...is rock that has been changed by heat and pressure.
Metamorphic Rock
...is rock that has been changed by heat and pressure.
Link (1:38): Metamorphic Rock
Process
Step 1: rock is exposed to intense heat or tremendous pressure
Step 2: physically or chemically alters it, make its more dense
Note: sedimentary or igneous rock can become metamorphic rock
Forces
heat and pressure
Contact metamorphism: in contact with a heat sources
Regional metamorphism: subjected to pressure over a large area
Granite
Gneiss
Sandstone
Quartzite
Limestone
Marble
becomes
becomes
becomes

6. Each type of rock can be converted into one of the other types.
Rock Cycle
...is a model that includes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of rocks as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and/or metamorphic processes.
Each type of rock can be converted into one of the other types.
Link (4:38): 3 Types of Rocks and the Rock Cycle

7. Videos About Rocks Flowchart
Video 01 (5:37): Igneous Rocks (with flowchart)
Video 02 (8:39): Sedimentary Rock (with flowchart)
Video 03 (3:59): Metamorphic Rocks (with flowchart)
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Flowchart
---fill in the provided flowchart while watching these videos--- (see the next slide for the flowchart)

8. Rock Flowchart

9. Review Questions
Notes: Standard 18
cementation

10. Review Questions
Notes: Standard 18

11. Review Questions
Notes: Standard 18

12. Review Questions
Notes: Standard 18

13. Review Questions
Notes: Standard 18