1. Chapter 25

2. America Moves to the City
Urbanization
Skyscrapers (+passenger elevators)
Electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones

3. Living Conditions in the Cities
Cities grew too fast, lacked sewage and effective infrastructure
Crime rates high
Diseases spread quickly
Tenements

4. Suburbanization

5. Immigration
“old” and “new”

6. Old vs. New 1800-1880 Northwestern Europe (Ireland and Germany) China
Settled in rural and urban areas, worked a variety of jobs
Southeastern Europe
Settled in cities, worked in factories

7. Why so much immigration?
“push” vs. “pull” factors

8. Push factors 1800-1900, Europe’s population doubled
No jobs, no opportunity, no room
Better farming methods
Persecution (Jews in Russia)

9. Pull factors Economic opportunities Religious freedom
No military conscription

10. Reactions to New Immigration
Screening, 10% of immigrants not let into America
Once in, gov’t didn’t really do anything
Nativism
Political machines- “Boss” Tweed, NYC

11. Government Actions 1882: no paupers, criminal, or convicts
1882: Chinese Exclusion Act
1880s: no insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and sick
1917: literacy test

12. Statue of Liberty

13. “Social Gospel”
People wanted to help out suffering immigrants/poor

14. Settlement Houses Located in cities Helped immigrants and poor:
Childcare services
English lessons
Education
Food & shelter

15. Jane Adams Born wealthy, educated, dedicated her life to charity work
Hull House (settlement house in Chicago)
Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

16. Darwin On the Origin of Species
Natural selection
Caused clashes within the religious community- “creation”
Believed until the 1920s

17. Church splits into 2 groups:
Fundamentalists- Bible is word for word literal
“Accomodationists”- “modernists”
Believed natural selection reflects a greater view of God’s creation

19. Lust for Learning Public education:
Grade school made mandatory by gov’t
6,000 new high schools between 1860 and 1900
“Kindergartens”
“Normal Schools”
Catholic schools

20. Education Better in cities than in rural areas
Illiteracy rate drops from 20% to 10.7%
South lags behind
44% of non-whites illiterate in 1900

21. Higher Education More colleges & universities
1 out of 3 grads are women by 1880
African American universities (Howard)
Morrill Act, 1862
Donations from titans of industry: Cornell, U of Chicago, Stanford, Vanderbilt
First graduate school: Johns Hopkins

22. Changes in education
More practical courses instead of emphasis on “classics”
Separation of religion and science classes
Vocational training

23. Booker T. Washington and African Americans

24. Booker T. Washington Ex-slave Founded Tuskegee Institute
Trade school for blacks
Goal: gain economic security and therefore, social respect and equality

25. Controversy: Called an “accomodationists”
Did not challenge white supremacy
Avoided issue of social equality/accepted segregation
Developed educational and economic resources of the black community

26. George Washington Carver
Ex-slave
Teacher at Tuskegee Institute
Discovered hundreds of new uses for peanut, soybean, sweet potato

27. W.E.B. DuBois First Af. Am. To receive a Ph.D.
Harvard: historian, poet, sociologist
Criticized BTW for “condemning” blacks to inferiority
Demanded complete and immediate social equality

28. Journalism and the Press

29. Journalism Sensationalism Yellow journalism:
Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst
Push for reform: Looking Backward

30. The “New Morality”

31. Battle over sexual attitudes in America
Victoria Woodhull
Anthony Comstock
“free love”
Ran a magazine
Ran for president in 1872 (first woman to try!)
“Comstock Law”
“defender of purity”

32. “New morality” Soaring divorce rates More birth control
“sex o’clock in America”

33. Women

34. Families and Women in the City
Urban families:
More divorce
Less babies
Birth control
Delayed marriage age

35. NAWSA: National American Women Suffrage Association
1890
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Carrie Chapman Catt

36. 1869
Wyoming gives women the right to vote

37. Ida B. Wells
journalist
Anti-lynching campaign

38. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress

39. Push for prohibition Liquor consumption increased after the Civil War
National Prohibition Party, 1874
Anti-Saloon League, 1893

40. Women join the fight “I’ll Marry No Man if He Drinks”
“Lips that touch liquor shall never touch mine”
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

41. Carry Nation
“Kansas Cyclone”

46. The Business of Amusement

47. Amusement Vaudeville Acts/minstrel shows Barnum and Baily Circus
Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley