1. Aim: What factors led to the growth of American labor?
Do Now Read pages
Answer the questions on the note sheet.
Turn in your HW.
Look at the HW board for your assignment.

2. Objective
By the end of the lesson, you, red-blooded, American student, will be able to:
Describe the actions taken by industrial workers to bring about reform in the late 1800s.

3. Let’s Discuss
In today’s lesson, we will talking about the growth of labor unions in the United States. So, I ask you, the following questions:
1-What is a union?
2-What are the characteristics of a union?
3-How many of your parents are in a union? Are self-employed?
4-What are some of the benefits of being in a union?
5-What are the negatives of being in a union?

4. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

5. The Changing American Labor Force

6. Child Labor

7. Big Corporate Profits!

8. 5. The Rise of American Labor
The late 1800s saw the rise of American labor.
Workers of all types were affected by the growth of Big Business.
Big business changed not only the way they worked but also the way they lived.
As time passed, workers turned more and more to organizations for help.

9. 5.1 Early Labor Groups
Skilled workers formed the earliest labor unions in the late 1700s.
With industrialization, however, mills and factories employed greater numbers of people who needed little skill or no skill to do the work.
People were replaceable, they had no contact with their employers.

10. As Big Business grew, so did disputes between the workers and the employers.
When companies became larger, it was no longer possible to settle personal or a local level.
This led to the start of national labor unions.
What is a labor union?
Who belonged to the early labor organizations in the United States?

11. In 1866, a number of trade unions, made up of skilled workers to form the National Labor Union.
Its leaders wanted to make changes through political means.
Most of the members, however, were interested in immediate gains.
The National Labor Union broke up.
3) What was the most important national labor union?

12. 5.2 The Knights of Labor
In December 1869, the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor was founded by Uriah Stephens.
The Knights of Labor was an organization of individuals rather than trade unions. The union was open to all workers, skilled and unskilled.
In 1879, Terence Powderly was chosen as the leader of the Knights of Labor. Powderly was a reformer who believed that workers should establish their own mines, factories and railroads.
Powderly was against the use of a strike to accomplish the goals of labor. He was in favor of negotiations between labor and management.
Strikes become more commonplace because many unions began to use them.
During the time of Terence Powderly, the Knights of Labor grew rapidly. By 1886, they had over 700,000 members.

13. 4) Who formed the Knights of Labor?
5) Which groups of people could join the Knights of Labor?
6) What is a strike?
7) What did the Knights of Labor favor instead of the strike?

14. An injury to one is the concern of all!
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of all!

15. Knights of Labor trade card

16. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes

17. Goals of the Knights of Labor
Eight-hour workday.
Workers’ cooperatives.
Worker-owned factories.
Abolition of child and prison labor.
Increased circulation of greenbacks.
Equal pay for men and women.
Safety codes in the workplace.
Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
Abolition of the National Bank.

18. Labor Unrest:

19. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

20. 5.3 Haymarket Square
The violence that occurred at Haymarket Square was a setback for labor.
The riot at Haymarket Square begins in 1886 when workers from the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company went on strike for an eight hour day. Strikers and police clashed on May 3rd. A striker was killed and several others were wounded.
Union leaders called a meeting the next day to protest the striker’s death.
Some anarchists who attended the meeting were accused of detonating a bomb. The bomb killed seven policemen and injured countless others. The police fired into the crowd and killed four more people.
Americans were upset by the news at Haymarket Square. The anarchists present at that meeting were accused of detonating the bomb and were found guilty. They were executed even though nothing linked the anarchists with the bombing.
Other people blamed the unions, many blaming the Knights of Labor for their actions.
Soon after, the Knights of Labor lost a lot of members and their power was diminished.

21. 7) What occurred at Haymarket Square?
8) What does the word anarchist mean?
9) Who was blamed for the Haymarket violence?

22. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

23. McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

24. Haymarket Martyrs

25. A “Company Town”:
Pullman, IL

26. Pullman Cars
A Pullman porter

27. The Pullman Strike of 1894

28. President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

29. Government by injunction!
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!

30. 5.4 The American Federation of Labor
Was created when the Knights of Labor slowly went out of existence.
The American Federation of Labor was formed by Samuel Gompers.
The AFL was made up of skilled workers who already belonged to trade unions.
These trade unions would be more or less independent within the AFL-they were allowed to do their own thing.
The AFL did not want to change society, their goals were to establish better conditions for their workers such as shorter hours and better pay.
The AFL, unlike the Knights of Labor, favored the use of strikes.
By 1900, the AFL were the biggest union in the United States.

31. 10) When was the American Federation of Labor formed?
11) Who founded the American Federation of Labor?
12) What were the goals of the AFL?

32. The American Federation of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers

33. Labor Union Membership

34. “Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915)
When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong!
CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

35. “Solidarity Forever!”
Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite, Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might? Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight? For the union makes us strong!
CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

36. Workers Benefits Today

37. What Do You Know?
The National Labor Union, the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor and the International Workers of the World (IWW) were:
All in agreement about membership in the union.
All worked together in various ways to achieve better conditions for their members.
Not in agreement about the use of strikes to achieve their goals.
Never successful in addressing the concerns of their workers.

38. The Haymarket Square Riot was the scene of violence when all of the following events occurred EXCEPT:
The Knights of Labor were able to achieve their goals in negotiations with the McCormick Plant.
The strike grew violent when a bomb was hurled (thrown) into a crowd of 3,000 people.
Anarchists were accused of throwing the bomb and were arrested.
Seven policemen were killed.

39. The major purpose for the formation of labor unions during the Gilded Age was to:
Fight against the harsh working conditions of the era.
Use the strike as a mean of achieving the union’s goals.
Unite people with the same job into a common organization.
A, B and C

40. Strikes and violent events that occurred in the workplace:
Brought about needed changes in the workplace.
Brought limited changes to workplace conditions.
Weakened the unions and their negotiations with management.
Succeeded nearly 100% of the time.

41. In response to the strikes occurring in the United States:
Presidents sent in federal troops to end the strikes.
Strikers were often arrested and fired.
Big business leaders hired private forces to be stationed in the workplace.
A,B and C