1. 1

2. Individual Practice

3. 1.
Vocabulary Cards

4. Exit Ticket .

5. #14
List the 6 types of transport. Label them as active or passive.

6. How does this happen?
Fetus Image: © Lunar Caustic 2007
Ansel Image: © Rick Rowell/ABC via Getty Images 2015 2

7. It all begins with a fertilized egg
Once the sperm meets the egg and becomes fertilized, that fertilized egg (zygote) goes through cell division repeatedly.
Cell division can give rise to many identical cells
Differentiation: a process that creates special structures and functions
Specialized cells become tissues  organs  organ systems. 3

8. Complexity of Organisms
Organism: one individual; one member of a species
Organ System: a distinct set of organs within an organism that work together as a unit for a common function (ex. Digestive system)
Organ: several types of tissue that work together for a common function (ex. stomach)
Tissue: a group of identical cells working together for a common function (ex. muscle tissue)
Cell: most basic unit of life that has all 6 characteristics of living things (ex. muscle cell) 4

9. Cell Differentiation Differentiation is irreversible, BUT…
Stem cells = cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of specialized cells.
Two Types:
Embryonic Stem Cells: cells that have never differentiated
Adult Stem Cells: cells found in adult bone marrow that are partially differentiated and can become bone, blood, cartilage, fat, and connective tissue
Great 4-minute explanation of stem cells: 5

10. #15
1. What are stem cells?
2. What are two places stem cells can be found?
3. List a benefit of stem cell use.
4. List a negative of stem cell use.
Answers:
Undifferentiated cells (1)
Embryos and adult bone marrow (2)
Answers may vary. Organ transplant, healing diseases, research (1)
Answers may vary. Host body may reject foreign cells (1)

11. STEM CELL Research Easybib.com Google scholar
Tennessee electronic library (Lexile level )

12. #16 What are the two cell types?
In which organelle are the chromosomes located?
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution of salt, the cell will ______.
Describe a STEM cell.
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

13. #17 Which macromolecule stores genetic info?
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
3. If a cell is placed in a ______ solution, the cell will swell.
4. Which organelle gives support and structure to an animal cell?
5. What is the last step in the scientific method?
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

14. #18 What is found in a eukaryotic cell, but not a prokaryotic cell?
Plants and Animal cells are both types of ________ cells?
3. What type of cellular transport requires a cell to use energy?
4. Describe an isotonic solution.
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

15. #20
The ____________ variable is what is being tested in an experiment.
The ____________ variable is the one being measured in response.
List the macromolecule your body will never break down for energy.
What word does a hypothesis start with?
What is a control group?
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

16. #21
1-4 List each of the 4 macromolecules AND a function of each. (1.3 notes)
5. The process that occurs to bring something in to the cell using energy is_______.
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

18. Go to Mcminnschools.com
Under faculty and Staff, click on system wide
Login with your whole address and password (1st 2 initials followed by lunch number)
Login in again. Click never and then no.
Click on outlook
Click “+new”
Type in your address and in the “to” box
In the subject, type (your names) Letter to president
Start composing your letter. Be sure to address it properly and have 5 paragraphs following PEEL method
Hit send before the end of class and Log out of your .

19. #22 What do the centrioles look like?
Where is DNA located in a Eukaryote?
Which organelle has selective permeability?
What organelle acts as a whip/tail?
What is the gel-like fluid in cells called?
Answers:
Growth and repair (2)
Anaphase (1)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (1)
2 identical somatic cells (1)

20. #23 What is a fertilized egg called?
Which plant cell organelle uses light energy to produce sugar/glucose?
If a cell were lacking lysosomes, what would the cell not be able to do?
What structures are shaped like small ores to move the cell or the liquid around it?
If a cell were placed in salt water, what would happen to the cell?
Answers: (1 pt each) 2
46 each
Centromere
Prophase
Telophase

21. Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle - repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that occurs in EUKARYOTIC cells.
2 purposes = GROWTH and REPAIR
The Cell Cycle consists of 3 main phases:
1. Interphase – cell growth
2. Mitosis-division of the nucleus
3. Cytokinesis– cell division which begins at the end of mitosis 6

22. Cell Cycle
Interphase = growth phase of cell. It is divided into 3 sub phases:
G1 (gap 1) phase - cell grows and makes proteins.
S (synthesis) phase - chromosomes replicate
G2 (gap 2) phase - cells continue to grow and make proteins
**At the end of interphase the cell has 2 full sets of chromosomes** 7

23. DNA
Chromosome– one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information.
Each of your body cells have 46 chromosomes.
In normal body cells, chromosomes always occur in pairs 8

24. DNA vocabulary: Chromatid – one half of a duplicated chromosome.
Sister Chromatids – two identical chromatids
Centromere – region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched.
Telomere – ends of the DNA molecule. 9

25. After Cell Preparation during Interphase, the Cell is ready to DIVIDE10

26. Mitosis Mitosis = division of the nucleus
1 cell becomes 2 identical daughter cells in this phase 11

27. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis 12

28. Prophase
Chromosomes condense & are visible as sister chromatids (in X’s)
Nuclear membrane disappears.
Centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form out of centrioles 13

29. Metaphase
Spindle fibers connect to the centromere (center) of each sister chromatid
Chromosomes move to middle of the cell 14

30. Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate or shorten becoming individual chromosomes as chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell 15

31. Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each side of the cell.
Chromosomes start to look like chromatin again (threadlike instead of rodlike)
Spindle fibers break down & dissolve.
Cytokinesis begins. 16

32. What is the “key word” for metaphase?
Exit Ticket
What is the “key word” for metaphase?

33. End result = 2 identical body cells
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm into 2 individual cells.
In plant cells – cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei & gradually develops into a membrane.
In animal cells - forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal parts.
End result = 2 identical body cells 17

34. How often do cells divide?
Every cell divides at a different rate based on its need.
Examples:
Internal lining of intestines: 5 days
Skin cells: every 2 weeks
Red blood cells: 4 months
Liver cells: 1 year
Why do body cells divide?
**Growth and repair**
Cells can’t just get bigger to grow either – they have to stay small to increase surface area and allow things to move in and out easier. 18

35. List the Key word for telophase.
Exit Ticket
List the Key word for telophase.

36. #24 How many daughter cells result from mitosis?
If a parent cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
Sister chromatids are attached at the .
The nuclear membrane dissolves during .
The nuclear membrane reforms during .
Answers: (1 pt each) 2
46 each
Centromere
Prophase
Telophase

37. #25
In what phase do sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
What organelle is used to help the cell divide? (Hint: This is the same thing the spindle fibers come out of)
3. Cytokinesis begins during which phase in mitosis?
4. Explain the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
Answers:
Metaphase (1)
In plants a cell plate forms and in animals a cleavage furrow forms (2)
Centrioles (1)
Telophase (1)

38. #26
If a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?
If a cell does not go through the S phase of interphase, what might be wrong with daughter cells?
3. List the macromolecule your body will never break down for energy?
4. What type of cells are plant and animal cells?
5. List the 3 phases of Interphase in order.
Answers:
Metaphase (1)
In plants a cell plate forms and in animals a cleavage furrow forms (2)
Centrioles (1)
Telophase (1)

39. 19

40. Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is controlled by a chemical control system that starts & stops events in the cell cycle.
External Regulation– signal that comes from outside of the cell; Ex. Hormone, nutrients, etc.
Internal Regulation– signal that comes from the nucleus; Ex. DNA inside of the cell 20

41. Checkpoints
Checkpoint – critical point where “stop” & “go” signals can regulate the cycle.
Note: Cell division is mostly in the “off” position in animal cells if there is no stimulus present. 21

42. Apoptosis Apoptosis – programmed cell death.
Internal / external signals activate genes that produce self-destructive enzymes.
Nucleus shrinks and breaks apart.
Ex: Web fingers & toes during development
Fetus Image: © Lunar Caustic 2007
Toes Image: © Cursedthing 2007 22

43. Cancer Cancer – uncontrolled cell division
Happens when the regulation of the cell cycle breaks down.
Cancer cells divide much more often than healthy cells do.
Leads to the formation of tumors
Tumors – clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
Two types: Malignant and Benign 23

44. Tumors
Malignant – cancer cells can breakaway from the tumor & be carried to other parts of the body/organs & form more tumors
Metastasize = spread of disease from one organ to another.
Benign – abnormal cells typically remain clustered together.
It may be harmless & easily removed
Brain tumor image: © Eric Lewis 2001 24

45. Causes
Often the result of exposure to carcinogens = cancer causing agents (chemicals that can cause cancer)
Ex. UV rays, tobacco smoke, X-rays, etc.
Carcinogens mutate DNA
Other random mutations and some infectious agents can also cause cancer (Ex. HPV) 25

46. Exit Ticket .

47. #27 List the 3 parts of interphase AND what happens in each.
Which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend the MOST time in?
If a parent cell starts out with 4 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have at the end of mitosis?
Answers:
G1: cell grows and makes proteins, S: DNA Replication, G2: cell grows and makes more proteins (3)
Interphase (1)
4 each (1)

48. #1 How do cells know when to divide?
What are the two types of cell regulation?
If a cell receives a signal from its own nucleus to divide, what type of regulation is it?
Apoptosis is programmed .
Answers:
Chemical control system (1)
Internal and External (2)
Internal (1)
Cell death (1)

49. Uncontrolled cell growth can result in .
Clumps of cancerous cells are called .
Cancerous cells that spread to different organs are considered .
Metastasize means .
Give an example of a carcinogen.
Answers: (1 pt each)
Cancer
Tumors
Malignant
Spread
Answers may vary. UV rays, cigarette smoke, radiation, etc.

50. #20 How do carcinogens cause cancer?
What do cell cycle check points do?
Cancerous cells that stay contained in one place are considered .
Can cancer be passed on to your kids? Explain.
Answers:
They mutate the DNA which messes up the check points (1)
Tell the cell cycle when to start and stop (1)
Benign (1)
Answers may vary. Only if it has a genetic cause. For instance, cancer in your skin cells caused by over exposure to the sun wouldn’t be passed on to your kids because you don’t give your child a skin cell, you only give them an egg or sperm cell. (2)