1. Biochemistry
By: Mr. Kauffman

2. Outline Organic Compounds Cell Parts Review Biochemical Reactions
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Cellular Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis

3. Organic Compounds All cells are made up of the same basic elements
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
Those elements combine together to form different molecules
Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water

4. Percentage in living things
Organic Compounds
Element Name
Percentage in living things
Oxygen
65.0 %
Carbon
18.5 %
Hydrogen
9.6 %
Nitrogen
3.3 %
Phosphorus
1.0 %
Sulfur

5. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
Carbohydrates (Carbs)
Function – provides the cell with energy (sugars)
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Example – Sugars and starches

6. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
2. Lipids (Fats)
Function – storage of large amounts of energy for long term use (insulation)
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus
Example – Fats and Oils

7. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions 3. Proteins
Function – makes up organs and muscles, growth, and repair
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Example – Red meats, Chicken, Fish, Eggs

8. Organic Compounds 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
4. Nucleic Acids
Function – instructions for maintenance, growth, and reproduction of cell
Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Example – DNA

9. Cell Parts Review Nucleus – control center
Cell membrane – protective outer layer (plant cells and animal cells)
Cell wall – protective outer layer (plant cells only)
Mitochondria – produces energy from food
Chloroplast – produces energy for plants from sunlight

10. Biochemical Reactions
Biochemical Reactions: reactions that occur inside the cells of living things in order to produce energy necessary for life
All cells require energy to carry out the functions necessary for life
The energy that all cells use is in the form of sugars

11. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: how plant cells are able to convert sunlight into sugar (energy source)
Happens only in plant cells
Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Contain chlorophyll (green pigment – coloring)

12. Photosynthesis Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = Sugar and Oxygen
Plants use some of the energy and store the rest as sugar
That sugar is eaten by animals
Oxygen produced is released into the air

13. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells convert sugars into chemical energy
Happens in both plant and animal cells
Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells

14. Cellular Respiration
Sugar + Oxygen = Chemical Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Chemical energy produced is used to complete other cell functions
Growth, repair, cell division, transportation of materials, etc…
Chemical energy not used for cellular functions is released as heat
Carbon dioxide produced is released by the cell and exhaled into the air

15. Fermentation
Fermentation: energy production that occurs in cells without oxygen
An inefficient way to produce energy
Produces only a small amount of energy
Produces lactic acid (the burning you feel in muscles when running/exercising)

16. Cellular Transport
Cellular Transport: the movement of materials (water or nutrients) across the cell membrane either into or out of the cell
The cell membrane is selectively permeable
This means that certain materials are allowed to pass through the cell membrane while other materials are not

17. Diffusion
Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

18. Diffusion
The movement of molecules continues until the concentration of molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane
This is known as equilibrium
Oxygen enters the cell via diffusion
Carbon dioxide leaves the cell via diffusion

19. Osmosis Osmosis: the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Continues until equilibrium is reached
Concentration of water inside of the cell membrane is equal to the concentration of water outside of the cell membrane