1. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SENTENCES
Phrases and Clauses
THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF SENTENCES

2. Ingredients of a sentence?
words
phrases
clauses

3. PHRASES
Cannot contain both
a subject and a verb

4. We’ve studied: Prep phrases Participial phrases Infinitive phrases
Appositive phrase

5. (do not contain both subjects and verbs)
PREP PHRASES
(do not contain both subjects and verbs)
by the baboon
with the baboon
near the baboon

6. INFINITIVE PHRASES
(do not contain both subjects and verbs)
to dance to the beat
to do the macarena

7. Shuffling around the floor
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
(do not contain both subjects and verbs)
Shuffling around the floor
Dancing like a maniac

8. (do not contain both subjects and verbs)
APPOSITIVE PHRASES
(do not contain both subjects and verbs)
Pepe le Pew, a skunk, speaks French.
The dog, a flea-bitten mess, howled.

9. CLAUSE
a group of words
with both
a subject & verb

10. What’s the difference between
Check Test…
What’s the difference between
a phrase & a clause?

11. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
a complete thought
that
can stand alone

12. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
group of words with both a subject and verb
cannot stand alone
(a fragment)

13. Independent clauses = a foundation and the frame of the house.

14. dependent clauses = a decorative feature that cannot stand alone

15. Independent & Dependent
Sentence Building
Independent & Dependent
Start constructing with
___________________.
Improve sentence structure by adding _____________________.

16. Clause Identification
Cross of prep phrases.
Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.
Single underline the subjects.
Each separate section with a subject and verb is PROBABLY a different clause!
5. IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT

17. DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADJECTIVE STARTERS 1) THAT 2) WHO 3) WHOM 4) WHOSE
5) WHICH

18. EXAMPLES The dog who lives by me is nice.
The show that I watch is good.
Jerry Spinelli is the author who wrote Maniac McGee.

19. DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADVERB STARTERS after until although because
as before
when if
while since
unless

20. Examples 1. After I danced, 2. Because he was hungry,
3. Until I get an A+,
4. When I get my new pony,
5. Since I love SpongeBob,

21. SENTENCE TYPES
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
COMPLEX
COMPOUND-COMPLEX

22. one independent clause
SIMPLE SENTENCE
one independent clause
I like SpongeBob.

23. 2 or more independent clauses
COMPOUND
2 or more independent clauses
I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

24. 2 or more independent clauses
COMPOUND
2 or more independent clauses
I like SpongeBob; I like Plankton.

25. How do we punctuate compound sentences?
Semicolon
2) Comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS)
SpongeBob makes Krabby patties.
(join these)
They are quite delicious!

26. Two ways to punctuate compound sentences!
SpongeBob makes Krabby patties; they are delicious.
SpongeBob makes Krabby patties,
and they are delicious.

27. dependent + independent Because he makes me laugh,
COMPLEX
dependent + independent
Because he makes me laugh,
I like SpongeBob.

28. DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADVERB STARTERS
After Until
Although Because
As Before
When If
While Since
Unless

29. DEPENDENT CLAUSE starters
ADJECTIVE STARTERS
1) THAT
2) WHO
3) WHOM
4) WHOSE
5) WHICH

30. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence!
Because he makes me laugh,
I like SpongeBob.

31. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence
When I want entertainment, I watch SpongeBob.

32. Dependent clause punctuation
Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence
If I get a choice of shows,
I watch SpongeBob.

33. Dependent clause punctuation
Do not use a comma when the dependent clause does not begin the sentence!
I like SpongeBob because he makes me laugh.

34. Now, write complex sentences!
Start a sentence with the dependent clause.
Then, rewrite the sentence to end with the dependent clause.
Use the dependent clause
starter: when
Remember, your clause must have a subject and a verb!

35. Here’s my example! When Gary runs away from home,
SpongeBob is devastated.
SpongeBob is devastated
when Gary runs away
from home.

36. Write two more complex sentences!
Use the dependent clause starter: if
If you are hungry,
you should visit the Krusty Krab!
You should visit the Krusty Krab
if you are hungry.

37. Turn the complex sentence into a compound-complex sentence!
If you are hungry,
you should visit the Krusty Krab!

38. COMPOUND COMPLEX
2 INDEPENDENT +
1 DEPENDENT

39. EXAMPLES I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.
Because they make me laugh,
I like SpongeBob,
and I like Plankton.

40. Make complex!
Patrick is annoying
The Hash-Slinging Slasher visits

41. COMMAS AFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES
BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

42. Introductory Words Unfortunately, I love chocolate.
Therefore, I eat it often.
But, I should not eat much.
Thus, I don’t buy much.
Once, I saw a Yettie.
Next, I saw Bigfoot.
Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

43. Introductory Phrases To be or not to be, that is the question.
Inside the small garden, there is a gnome.
(prep phrases of 4 or more)

44. Introductory Dependent Clauses
When I grow up, …
Before I become president, …
Since I am so short, …