1. Agenda diēs Martis, a.d. xiv Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: nullum est
Do Now: put everything away & get into quiz formation
Perīculum! 1st/2nd Declension Quiz
Characteristics of Latin Verbs
1st & 2nd Conjugation Verbs and Sum – Present Tense
Pensum:
Worksheet 5
Keep studying vocab. list #2
Latin MS8
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Characteristics of Latin Verbs
Verbs have FIVE characteristics
Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Number: SG, PL
Tense: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Voice: active, passive
Mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive
HERE

3. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd

4. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
3rd

5. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
You
You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd

6. Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
In English, we show person by personal pronouns
Person
Singular
Plural
1st I We
2nd
You
You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd
he/she/it
they

7. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd

8. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd
3rd

9. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd s
3rd

10. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
2nd s
3rd t

11. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
mus
2nd s
3rd t

12. Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
ō / m
mus
2nd s
tis
3rd t

13. Characteristic 2: Number
Just like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural
Number is coded into the personal endings, just like it is coded into case endings for nouns

14. Characteristic 3: Tense
Tense (<tempus, temporis, n.: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happening
There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
The Present System (tenses built from pres. stem) consists of:
Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW
Imperfect Tense: indicates the verb is incomplete or ongoing in the past
Future Tense: indicates the verb will happen in the future
stopped timeline with Sect. 02

15. stopped here @ timeline with Sect. 02

16. Characteristic 4: Voice
voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action or the action is being done to the subject
if the subject is doing the action, the verb is in the active voice
I was watching the lions in the arena.
Leōnēs in arenā spectābam.
if the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice
I was being watched by the lions in the arena.
Spectābar ā leōnibus in arenā.
In English, we tend to avoid using the passive voice, but Latin uses it very frequently

17. Characteristic 5: Mood there are three moods in Latin Indicative
expresses statements or questions
action or state of being is indicated as factual
Imperative
expresses commands
Subjunctive
expresses action or state of being as non-factual

18. The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb

19. Principal Parts - Review
most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3)
these are the 3 or 4 most essential forms of any verb
tell you everything you need to identify, form, and translate any form of a Latin verb
think of these as the ‘building blocks’ of Latin verbs

20. The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb

21. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
Most verbs have four principal parts
Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Start here with sect. 02 on Weds. (R-1)

22. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
pugnō – 1st Principal Part
1st SG present tense form (“I fight”)

23. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
2. pugnāre – 2nd Principal Part
Present Infinitive (“to fight”)
Vowel next to ending –re tells you a verbs conjugation
Dropping the –re gives you present stem

24. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
3-4. pugnāvī, pugnātus– 3rd-4th Principal Parts
don’t worry about these for now
5. to fight – definition/meaning
definition should always be in the infinitive form (to…)

25. Identifying a Verb’s Conjugation
To identify a verb’s conjugation, look at the vowel immediately before the –re in the 2nd PP
1st Conjugation Verbs:
identified by –Ā– before the –re in the 2nd PP
exception: dō, dare has –a
2nd Conjugation Verbs:
identified by –Ē– before the –re in the 2nd PP
Rules of forming are the same across the board for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs

26. Forming & Translating the Present Tense
action is happening now
Forming:
find the present stem (2nd PP, drop –re)
add the personal endings [-ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt]
Translating:
____________(s)
am/is/are ____________ing
do/does ____________
*Choose the translation that makes the most sense in context

27. Forming the Present Tense - Practice
Practice forming the present tense of the following:
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

28. The Verb Sum: Basics & Present Tense

29. The Verb Sum
the verb sum (‘to be’) is the most common verb in the Latin language
it has four principal parts: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
N.B.: the 4th PP is the future active participle, not perfect passive
it only exists in the active voice
it exists in the indicative and subjunctive moods; technically it has imperative forms but they are very rarely seen
it is irregular in the present system (pres., impf., fut.) and must be memorized, but follows patterns and uses the usual endings; the perf. system forms are regular

30. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

31. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd
3rd

32. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd es
you are
3rd

33. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd es
you are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

34. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

35. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
estis
you (pl.) are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

36. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
estis
you (pl.) are
3rd
est
he/she/it is
sunt
they are

37. 1st-2nd Conjugation Morphology
Indicative Mood, Active Voice Forms:
PRES. = pres. stem + ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt
IMPF. = pres. stem + bam, bās, bat, bāmus, bātis, bant
FUT. = pres. stem + bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt
Imperative Mood, Active Voice, Present Tense:
2nd SG = pres. stem
2nd PL = pres. stem + te