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Agenda diēs Martis, a.d. xiv Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: nullum est Do Now: put everything away & get into quiz formation Perīculum! 1st/2nd Declension Quiz Characteristics of Latin Verbs 1st & 2nd Conjugation Verbs and Sum – Present Tense Pensum: Worksheet 5 Keep studying vocab. list #2 Latin MS8 Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School
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Characteristics of Latin Verbs
Verbs have FIVE characteristics Person: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Number: SG, PL Tense: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect Voice: active, passive Mood: indicative, imperative, subjunctive HERE
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Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd In English, we show person by personal pronouns Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd In English, we show person by personal pronouns Person Singular Plural 1st I We 2nd 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd In English, we show person by personal pronouns Person Singular Plural 1st I We 2nd You You (pl.) [y’all] 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd In English, we show person by personal pronouns Person Singular Plural 1st I We 2nd You You (pl.) [y’all] 3rd he/she/it they
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st ō / m 2nd 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st ō / m 2nd s 3rd
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st ō / m 2nd s 3rd t
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st ō / m mus 2nd s 3rd t
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Characteristic 1: Person
In Latin, person is shown by personal endings Person Singular Plural 1st ō / m mus 2nd s tis 3rd t
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Characteristic 2: Number
Just like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural Number is coded into the personal endings, just like it is coded into case endings for nouns
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Characteristic 3: Tense
Tense (<tempus, temporis, n.: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happening There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect The Present System (tenses built from pres. stem) consists of: Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW Imperfect Tense: indicates the verb is incomplete or ongoing in the past Future Tense: indicates the verb will happen in the future stopped timeline with Sect. 02
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stopped here @ timeline with Sect. 02
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Characteristic 4: Voice
voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action or the action is being done to the subject if the subject is doing the action, the verb is in the active voice I was watching the lions in the arena. Leōnēs in arenā spectābam. if the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice I was being watched by the lions in the arena. Spectābar ā leōnibus in arenā. In English, we tend to avoid using the passive voice, but Latin uses it very frequently
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Characteristic 5: Mood there are three moods in Latin Indicative
expresses statements or questions action or state of being is indicated as factual Imperative expresses commands Subjunctive expresses action or state of being as non-factual
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The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb
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Principal Parts - Review
most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3) these are the 3 or 4 most essential forms of any verb tell you everything you need to identify, form, and translate any form of a Latin verb think of these as the ‘building blocks’ of Latin verbs
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The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb
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pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry Most verbs have four principal parts Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight Start here with sect. 02 on Weds. (R-1)
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pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight pugnō – 1st Principal Part 1st SG present tense form (“I fight”)
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pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight 2. pugnāre – 2nd Principal Part Present Infinitive (“to fight”) Vowel next to ending –re tells you a verbs conjugation Dropping the –re gives you present stem
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pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Dictionary Entry pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight 3-4. pugnāvī, pugnātus– 3rd-4th Principal Parts don’t worry about these for now 5. to fight – definition/meaning definition should always be in the infinitive form (to…)
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Identifying a Verb’s Conjugation
To identify a verb’s conjugation, look at the vowel immediately before the –re in the 2nd PP 1st Conjugation Verbs: identified by –Ā– before the –re in the 2nd PP exception: dō, dare has –a 2nd Conjugation Verbs: identified by –Ē– before the –re in the 2nd PP Rules of forming are the same across the board for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs
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Forming & Translating the Present Tense
action is happening now Forming: find the present stem (2nd PP, drop –re) add the personal endings [-ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt] Translating: ____________(s) am/is/are ____________ing do/does ____________ *Choose the translation that makes the most sense in context
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Forming the Present Tense - Practice
Practice forming the present tense of the following: pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd
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The Verb Sum: Basics & Present Tense
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The Verb Sum the verb sum (‘to be’) is the most common verb in the Latin language it has four principal parts: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus N.B.: the 4th PP is the future active participle, not perfect passive it only exists in the active voice it exists in the indicative and subjunctive moods; technically it has imperative forms but they are very rarely seen it is irregular in the present system (pres., impf., fut.) and must be memorized, but follows patterns and uses the usual endings; the perf. system forms are regular
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st 2nd 3rd
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am 2nd 3rd
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am 2nd es you are 3rd
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am 2nd es you are 3rd est he/she/it is
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am sumus we are 2nd es you are 3rd est he/she/it is
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am sumus we are 2nd es you are estis you (pl.) are 3rd est he/she/it is
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The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es– it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL 1st sum I am sumus we are 2nd es you are estis you (pl.) are 3rd est he/she/it is sunt they are
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1st-2nd Conjugation Morphology
Indicative Mood, Active Voice Forms: PRES. = pres. stem + ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt IMPF. = pres. stem + bam, bās, bat, bāmus, bātis, bant FUT. = pres. stem + bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt Imperative Mood, Active Voice, Present Tense: 2nd SG = pres. stem 2nd PL = pres. stem + te
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