1. Chapter 12
Parenting 1

2. Chapter 12: Parenting Introduction
Quote: “To be in your children’s memories tomorrow, you have to be in their lives today.”
Barbara Johnson, Literary Critic

3. Chapter 12: Parenting Introduction
True or False?
Parents, compared to nonparents, report higher marital satisfaction.

4. Chapter 12: Parenting Introduction
Answer: FALSE
A study of the effect children have on marital satisfaction found that:
Parents (both women and men) reported lower marital satisfaction than nonparents.
Mothers of infants reported the most significant drop in marital satisfaction.
The higher the number of children, the lower the marital satisfaction.
Factors that depressed marital satisfaction were conflict and loss of freedom.

5. What are the major roles of parents?

6. PHOTO ESSAY: Parenting Roles
Caregiver
Emotional Resource
Economic Resource
Teacher
Protector
Health Promotion
Ritual Bearer: birthdays, holidays, weddings

7. Transition to Parenthood
The transition to parenthood refers to that period from the beginning of pregnancy through the first few months after the birth of a baby.
The mother, father, and couple undergo changes and adaptations during this period.

8. Transitions to Parenthood Transitions to Motherhood
A woman’s initial reaction is influenced by whether the baby was intended.
Although childbirth is sometimes thought of as painful, some women describe the experience as fantastic, joyful, and unsurpassed.
Emotional bonding may be temporarily impeded by a mild depression, characterized by irritability, crying, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping.
Baby Blues (24-48 hours after baby is born)
Postpartum Depression (first month after birth)
Postpartum Psychosis (wanting to harm the baby)

9. Transitions to Parenthood Transitions to Fatherhood
Children Benefit from Involved Fathers:
Make good grades
Less involved in crime
Good health/self-concept
Have a strong work ethic
Have durable marriages
Have a strong moral conscience
Have higher life satisfaction
Have higher incomes as adults
Have higher education levels

10. Transitions to Parenthood Transitions to Fatherhood
Children Benefit from Involved Fathers:
Form close friendships
Have stable jobs
Have fewer premarital births
Have lower child sex abuse
Exhibit fewer anorexic symptoms

11. Transitions to Parenthood Transition from a Couple to a Family
The birth of a baby is usually a stressor event for each parent and for their relationship regardless of whether the child is biological or adopted and regardless of whether the parents are heterosexual or homosexual.
Regardless of how children affect the feelings spouses have about their marriage, spouses report more commitment to their relationship once they have children.

12. Percentage of Couples Getting Divorced by Number of Children

13. Parenthood: Some Facts
Parents are only one influence in a child’s development
Others include siblings, teachers, media, and the Internet
Each child is unique
Parents soon become aware of how each child is different from every other child they know
Each gender is unique
Boys are not always emotionally resilient though they are not taught to be open about their feelings as girls are.

14. Diana Baumrind 1966
Responsiveness: the extent to which parents respond to & meet the emotional needs of their children.
how supportive parents are, warmth, person centered communication, attachment
Demandingness: manner in which parents place demand on their children regarding expectation/discipline
how much control
monitoring
confrontation

15. Parenting Styles

16. Parenthood: Some Facts Parenting Styles Differ
Permissive parents are high on responsiveness and low on demandingness.
Authoritarian parents are high on demandingness and low in responsiveness.
Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive.
Uninvolved parents are low in responsiveness and demandingness.

17. Classwork Principles of Effective Parenting
Review pages
Write down the 12 principles of effective parenting
Write down the top 4 principles that are the most important for you as a future parent. Why?

18. Principles of Effective Parenting
Give time, love, praise, and encouragement
Since children depend on their parents for the development of their emotional security, parents must provide a warm emotional context in which the children can develop.
Avoid overindulgence
Avoid giving children too much, too soon, and for too long.

19. Principles of Effective Parenting
Monitor child’s activities/drug use
Abundant research suggests that parents who know where their children are and who they are with are less likely to report that their adolescents are involved in delinquent behavior such as drinking alcohol, poor academic performance, and sexual activity.

20. Principles of Effective Parenting
Monitor television and pornography exposure
Research shows that teens watch an average of 4.5 hours of TV daily and use 1.5 hours of non-school Internet. Also, research indicates that there are negative effects of pornography exposure on teens.
Develop sexist/unhealthy notions of sex and relationships
Boys/young men are more likely to support attitudes of sexual coercion
Increase likelihood of perpetrating assault
Unrealistic expectations

21. Principles of Effective Parenting
Use technology to monitor cell phone/text messaging use
Teens may be sending inappropriate text messages.
Cell phone apps and other protective devices allow parents to monitor activity and/or control the functions of their child’s mobile phone.
Set limits and discipline children for inappropriate behavior
The goal of guidance is self-control.
Guidance may involve reinforcing desired behavior or providing limits to children’s behavior.

22. Principles of Effective Parenting
Have family meals
Parents who stay connected with their children build strong relationships with them and report fewer problems.
Encourage responsibility
Giving children increased responsibility encourages the autonomy and independence they need to be assertive and self-governing.

23. Principles of Effective Parenting
Establish norm of forgiveness
Forgiveness is a complex time-involved process rather than a one-time cognitive event.
Teach emotional confidence
Experiencing, expressing, and regulating emotion.

24. Principles of Effective Parenting
Provide sex education
Although parents may be reluctant to discuss safe sex, their doing so often has positive consequences.
Express confidence
If the parents show the child that they have confidence in him or her, the child begins to accept these social definitions as real and becomes more self-confident.

25. Principles of Effective Parenting
Respond to Teen Years Creatively
Catch them doing what you like rather than criticizing them for what you don’t like.
Be direct when necessary.
Provide information rather than answers.
Be tolerant of high activity levels.
Engage in leisure activity with your teenagers.
Use technology to encourage safer driving.

26. Principles of Effective Parenting
Ten steps to Talking With Teens about Sex:
Know yourself
Remember that it’s not about you
Stop talking!
Start listening!
You get only one question
Do something else
About pleasure and pain
Be cool like a cucumber
Bring it on!
Never surrender

27. Child-Rearing Theories
Parents are encouraged to combine approaches to find what works best for them and their child.
Various approaches
Developmental-Maturational Approach
Behavioral Approach
Parent Effectiveness Training Approach
Socioteleological Approach
Attachment Parenting

28. Theories of Child Rearing

29. Theories of Child Rearing (Cont.)

30. Single-Parenting Issues
A single-parent family is one in which there is only one parent.
The other parent is completely out of the child’s life through death, sperm donation, or complete abandonment.
A single-parent household is one in which one parent typically has primary custody of the child or children but the parent living out of the house is still a part of the child’s family.
Single Mothers by Choice

31. Single-Parenting Issues Challenges Faced by Single Parents
Responding to the demands of parenting with limited help
Resolving the issue of adult sexual needs
Lack of money
Guardianship
Prenatal care
Absence of a father (or mother)
Negative life outcomes for the child in a single-parent family
Perpetuation of single-family structure

32. The Future of Parenting
The future of parenting will involve new contexts for children and new behaviors that children learn and parents tolerate.
While parents will continue to be the primary context in which their children are reared, because the financial need for both parents to earn an income will increase, children will increasingly end up in day care, afterschool programs, and day camps during the summer.