1. Neuroanatomy

2. Types of Cells Neurons: Individual Nerve Cells.
(Generate/Conduct Electric impulses)
Glial Cells: “Housekeeper” Cells of Nervous System
1. Hold Neurons in place
2. Supply Nutrients & Oxygen to Neurons
3. Insulate Neurons from each other
4. Destroy & remove dead Neurons
100 Billion just in brain
10-50 times more in brain than Neurons

3. Types of Neurons Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)
Take info. From Senses to CNS (A for Arriving)
Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)
Take info. From CNS to rest of body (E for Exit)
Interneurons
Internal Communication within the CNS. (I for Internal)

4. Parts of a Neuron

5. Neuronal Firing Resting Potential (-70) Threshold Reached
-All-or-Nothing
3) Depolarization
-Selective Permeability
Repolarization
-Refractory Period

6. The Magic School Bus
There is a bus full of unhappy children on their way to Normal Community High school. They’re feeling sad because the world outside looks so happy, the sun is shining, the birds are chirping, etc. At a certain point, the driver makes a stop and picks up a kid by opening the bus door. The wonderful air whooshes in, and if enough kids go from sad to happy, then they start getting rambunctious. Having now, wasted their energy, there’s a short time before they can start it up again.
Parts of a Neuron
Soma
Nucleus
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Neuronal Firing
Resting Potential
Threshold
All-or-Nothing
Depolarization
Selective Permeability Repolarization
Refractory Period

7. How is a toilet flushing analogous to a neuron firing?
Resting Potential
Threshold
All-or-Nothing
Depolarization
Selective Permeability Repolarization
Refractory Period

8. Neurotransmitters Excitatory Signal: Produce Action Potentials.
(When you are excited, you “do” things)
Inhibitory Signal: Prevent Action Potentials.
(When you are inhibited, you are slowed down)

9. Reuptake
Sending Neuron reabsorbs extra neurotransmitters remaining in Synapse
Like a vacuum- the sending neuron sucks back excessive NTs to later be used- if NTs stay in the synapse for a period of time, then problems could occur.
How it Works

10. Attention; Emotion (Pleasure); voluntary movement
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Attention; Emotion (Pleasure); voluntary movement
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Too much: Schizophrenia, Too little: Parkinson’s
GABA
Glutamine
Substances that Affect:
Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, alcohol
Endorphins

11. Mood, Hunger, Sleep, & Arousal
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Mood, Hunger, Sleep, & Arousal
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Lack associated with Depression, certain anxiety disorders (OCD)
GABA
Glutamine
Substances that Affect:
Prozac, hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD)
Endorphins

12. Muscle Action, Learning & Memory
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Normal Function:
Muscle Action, Learning & Memory
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease
GABA
Glutamine
Substances that Affect:
Curare
(Antagonist: Blocks NT)
Endorphins

13. Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Lack of leads to Seizures & Tremors
GABA
Glutamine
Substances that Affect:
Tranquilizers (e.g. Valium, Librium), alcohol
Endorphins

14. Too much overstimulates brain: Migranes & Seizures
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Normal Function:
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; involved in learning and memory
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Too much overstimulates brain: Migranes & Seizures
GABA
Glutamine
Substances that Affect:
PCP (“angel dust”), MSG
Endorphins

15. Pleasure (Addiction) and control of pain
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Normal Function:
Pleasure (Addiction) and control of pain
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Problems with Imbalance:
Lack of leads to heightened sensation of pain
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone
(Agonists: Mimic)
Glutamine
Endorphins

16. Mouse Party