1. 20c China:
From Republic to
Communist Power

2. Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

3. Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kai

4. China in 1924

5. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)

6. Mao With His Children, 1930s

7. Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)

8. The Long March
1934

9. The Long March

10. Survivors of the March

11. Japan Invades China
1937

12. Japanese Aggression,

13. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

14. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

15. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

16. Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

17. Japanese Bayonet Practice

18. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

19. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

20. UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

21. UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

22. The Communist
Revolution:

23. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

24. The Communist Victory

25. Taiwan: The Republic of China

26. Jiang Jieshu ( )
(Chiang Kai-shek)

27. Madame Jiang Jieshu

28. The People’s Republic of China

29. Reasons for the Communists’ Success
Mao won support of peasants – land
Mao won support of women
Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt
Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

30. Mao’s First Reforms 1. Re-distributed land. Killed many landlords.
2. Women = Men!
3. Controlled all intellectual life.
4. Socialized Agriculture. Cooperatives. Peasants a little free market. Worked.

31. Collectivization 1953
Cooperatives so successful, began collectivization. Private property abolished. Pressure to join. People unhappy. 600,000,000 collectivized. Grain rations low. Complaints.

32. 100 Flowers to Bloom
Mao decided to allow criticism of party corruption.
People criticized.
Party hated it.
A year later, anyone who had complained in trouble.

33. Anti-Rightest Campaign
Anyone who had complained denounced.
Needed to turn in 10 out of every 100 people.
Forced confessions. 1,000,000 condemned. Sent to jail or countryside.
SILENCED ALL COMPLAINTS!!

34. The Great Leap
Forward (or Backward?)

35. Great Leap Forward, 1958 Communes
5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry
Communes
Groups of people who live and work together
Property held in common
Had production quotas
Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture

39. Problems with Leap
1. People forced to work day and night. Ate in fields.
2. Communes developed. No family life. Communal nurseries.
3. Ordered to make steel. Useless. Cracked.
4. Had to lie about agricultural output.

40. Results of Great Leap
1. Utter disaster. Resulted in starvation. 30 MILLION died in 3 years. (not a typo) Widespread cannibalism.
2. Newspapers too afraid to report.

41. Mao takes a backseat.
Government relaxes. Let peasants make a little profit. Workers rested, rewarded.
Then Mao awakens …

42. The Great
Proletarian
Cultural Revolution

43. A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS”
Old Thoughts
Old Culture
Old Customs
Old Habits
To Rebel Is Good!

44. Communist China Under Mao
Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society
Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place
Schools shut down – students revolted
Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

45. A Red Guard

46. Red Guards March to Canton

47. Cult of Personality Like a living god. Mao always right.
Stated society too successful – bourgeoisie had formed. Leaders too conservative. Attacked party.

48. With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
Cult of Personality

49. The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Mao’s Little Red Book

50. Propaganda Poster

51. Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle! 1967-1972

52. Propaganda Poster

53. Propaganda Poster

54. Propaganda Poster

55. Results of the Cultural Revolution
million died.
2. No one educated for 10 years.
3. Many lost homes, jobs. “Re-educated” as peasants.

56. Communist China Under Mao
Industrialized China
Increased literacy
Class privileges ended
Rural Chinese received health care
One-party dictatorship
Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

57. “Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971

58. Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972

59. Power Struggle Communist Traditionalists Modernists Zhou Enlai
1976
Zhou Enlai
“The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

60. Communist Government
and a
Capitalist Economy

61. Deng Xiaoping ( )

62. De-Maoization “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in: Industry Science
Agriculture
Industry
Science
Defense
Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

63. Gap Between Rich & Poor
Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!

64. Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!

65. Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

66. Democracy—Our Common Ideal!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

67. The “Goddess of Democracy”
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The “Goddess of Democracy”

68. The Government Clamps Down
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down

69. Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Man’s Protest

70. The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

71. The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank

72. The Army Looks for Dissidents
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents

73. Student Leaders Are Arrested
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested

74. Chinese Students Mourn the Dead
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Chinese Students Mourn the Dead

75. The Reestablishment of Order
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order

76. What’s the Message Here?

77. Demography
may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade data. But of the two momentous changes championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century ago, coercive population controls and experiments with market economics, the jury is still out on which will do more to shape China's long-term potential.

78. Demography

79. Demography
There are too many retirees in China, and not enough young people to replace them.

80. Demography
"The evidence is overwhelming that a large population of unmarried adult males is a risk factor for both crime and war," Ms. den Boer said in an interview. "The fact that China is an authoritarian country is another risk factor."