1. JMM KLELC 1 Indian Contract Act, 1872 Legality of Consideration and Object

2. JMM KLELC2 S. 23 What considerations and objects are lawful, and what not The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless- 1. It is forbidden by law; or 2. Is of such a nature that,if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law; or 3. Is fraudulent; or 4. Involves and implies injury to the person or property of another; or 5. The court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy. In each of these cases, the consideration or object of an agreement is said to be unlawful. Every agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful, is void.

3. JMM KLELC3 Illustrations A agrees to sell his house to B for Rs. 10,000. Here B's promise to pay the sum of Rs. 10,000 is the consideration for A's promise to sell the house, and A's promise to sell the house is the consideration for B's promise to pay Rs. 10,000. These are lawful considerations. These are lawful considerations. A promises to pay B 1,000 rupees at the end of six months, if C, who owes that sum to B, fails to pay it. B promises to grant time to C accordingly. Here the promise-of each party is the consideration for the promise of the other party. They are lawful considerations. They are lawful considerations.

4. JMM KLELC4 A promises, for a certain sum paid to him by B, to make good to B the value of his ship if it is wrecked on a certain voyage. Here A's promise is the consideration for B's payment and B's payment is the consideration for A's promise These are lawful considerations. These are lawful considerations. A promises to maintain B's child and B promises to pay A 1,000 rupees yearly for the purpose. Here the promise of each party is the consideration for the promise of the 'other party. They are lawful considerations.

5. JMM KLELC5 A, B and C enter into an agreement for the division among them of gains acquired, or to be acquired, by them by fraud. The agreement is void, as its object is unlawful. A promises to obtain for B an employment in the public service, and B promises to pay 1,000 rupees to A. The agreement is void, as the consideration for it is unlawful.

6. JMM KLELC6 A, being agent for a landed proprietor, agrees for money, without the knowledge of his principal, to obtain for B a lease of land belonging to his principal. The agreement between A and B is void. as it implies a fraud by concealment, by A, on his principal. A promises B to drop a prosecution which he has instituted against B for robbery, and B promises to restore the value of the things taken. The agreement is void, as its object is unlawful.

7. JMM KLELC7 A's estate is sold for arrears of revenue under the provisions of an Act of the Legislature, by which the defaulter is prohibited from purchasing, the estate. B, upon an understanding with A, becomes the purchaser, and agrees to convey the estate to A upon receiving from him the price which B has paid. The agreement is void, as it renders the transaction, in effect a purchase by the defaulter, and would so defeat the object of the law.

8. JMM KLELC8 A, who is B's mukhtar, promises to exercise his influence, as such, with B in favour of C, and C promises to pay 1,000 rupees to A. The agreement is void, because it is immoral A agrees to let her daughter to hire to B for concubinage. The agreement is void, because it is immoral, though the letting may not be punishable under the Indian Penal Code. (45 of 1860.)

9. JMM KLELC9 Analysis of S. 23 Object or Consideration Object or Consideration The section covers legality of consideration and object as well. The section covers legality of consideration and object as well. Object and consideration sometimes may be different – both shall be lawful Object and consideration sometimes may be different – both shall be lawful Eg. loan for child marriage – consideration lawful but object unlawful -defeats the purpose of CMRA Eg. loan for child marriage – consideration lawful but object unlawful -defeats the purpose of CMRA

10. JMM KLELC10 Consideration or object Forbidden by law Defeat the provision of any law Fraudulent Injury to person or property Immoral/opposed public policy

11. JMM KLELC11 Forbidden by Law Object of an agreement forbidden by law is void Object of an agreement forbidden by law is void Law – law in force in India, personal laws unwritten principles of law Law – law in force in India, personal laws unwritten principles of law Eg. Sale of liquor without license is void & price irrecoverable Eg. Sale of liquor without license is void & price irrecoverable Eg. License to run liquor shop – sale, transfer, sub- lease of license or creation of partnership to run liquor shop – agreement of partnership void Eg. License to run liquor shop – sale, transfer, sub- lease of license or creation of partnership to run liquor shop – agreement of partnership void Eg. An agreement to by goods (jaggery powder) above control price is void Eg. An agreement to by goods (jaggery powder) above control price is void

12. JMM KLELC12 Defeat the provision of any law Object or consideration of an agreement is such that though it is not directly prohibited, if permitted, would defeat the provision of any law, such agreement is also void. Object or consideration of an agreement is such that though it is not directly prohibited, if permitted, would defeat the provision of any law, such agreement is also void. Sundersingh v. krishnasingh Sundersingh v. krishnasingh agreement by the accused with surety for providing security under Cr. P.C.– void agreement by the accused with surety for providing security under Cr. P.C.– void Agreement to defeat the law of a friendly country is also void Agreement to defeat the law of a friendly country is also void Foster v. Driscoll – Agreement to buy whisky in Great Britain & to smuggle it in to US Foster v. Driscoll – Agreement to buy whisky in Great Britain & to smuggle it in to US led to commission of offence in a foreign & friendly country – breach of international comity – hence void. led to commission of offence in a foreign & friendly country – breach of international comity – hence void.

13. JMM KLELC13 But innocent violation of municipal or foreign law which may not offend public conscience, may not make the agreement void But innocent violation of municipal or foreign law which may not offend public conscience, may not make the agreement void Howard v. Shirlaster Container Transport Ltd Owner of an aircraft agreed with the pt for successfully removing his aircraft from Nigerian territorial airspace. Pt did so without permission of the Nigerian authorities and landed it in Ivory coast. The pt did so under the belief that there was imminent danger to lives in Nigeria. Pt sued for fees – Held: allowed to recover. Although court would not normally enforce a contract to enable a pt to benefit from his criminal conduct, because to do so, would offend public conscience. There are circumstances, it would be wrong to disqualify a person from recovering, even though his conduct constituted statutory offence.

14. JMM KLELC14 Fraudulent An agreement made for a fraudulent purpose to deceive third parties is void An agreement made for a fraudulent purpose to deceive third parties is void Eg. Agreement with debtor and creditor that the creditor would get separate commission for inducing other creditors to enter into composition of their debts. Eg. Agreement with debtor and creditor that the creditor would get separate commission for inducing other creditors to enter into composition of their debts. Eg. Two decree holders - Pt, decree holder with property attachment brought it to sale – agreed with the dt to buy for lesser price and then pay him a sum – property was knocked down to dt for a small price. Eg. Two decree holders - Pt, decree holder with property attachment brought it to sale – agreed with the dt to buy for lesser price and then pay him a sum – property was knocked down to dt for a small price. Held, agreement void, it deprived the other decree holder of what he would have got if the sale had been competitive.

15. JMM KLELC15 Injury to person or property An agreement to injure the person or property of another is unlawful and void An agreement to injure the person or property of another is unlawful and void Eg. A person barrowed a sum of Rs. 100 and agreed to serve pt for 2 yrs without pay and in case of default to pay the exorbitant interest and principal at once. Eg. A person barrowed a sum of Rs. 100 and agreed to serve pt for 2 yrs without pay and in case of default to pay the exorbitant interest and principal at once. Held, it involved slavery and unlawful and void agreement to commit assault, hurt, defamation, etc agreement to commit assault, hurt, defamation, etc Eg. Agreement of insurance – insured committing suicide to help dependents Eg. Agreement of insurance – insured committing suicide to help dependents void. void.

16. JMM KLELC16 Immoral Agreement tainted immorality is not enforced Agreement tainted immorality is not enforced Immorality depends on standards of morality prevailing in a society at a given time and as approved by courts. Immorality depends on standards of morality prevailing in a society at a given time and as approved by courts. Instances of immorality- Instances of immorality- 1.Interference with marital relations Eg. Money lent to a married woman to enable her to get divorce from her husband and promise to marry the lender Eg. Money lent to a married woman to enable her to get divorce from her husband and promise to marry the lender void void Promise to marry a woman after her husbands death Promise to marry a woman after her husbands death void void

17. Immoral Fender v. St. John – dt a married man told a nurse that he was unhappy with his wife and enquired whether she would marry him if his wife divorces him – she consented, sexual relations took place – dts wife secured decree of divorce on the ground of adultery – dt committed breach and married another Fender v. St. John – dt a married man told a nurse that he was unhappy with his wife and enquired whether she would marry him if his wife divorces him – she consented, sexual relations took place – dts wife secured decree of divorce on the ground of adultery – dt committed breach and married another HELD: pt was allowed to claim compensation – circumstances leading to mischief were absent hence not immoral. HELD: pt was allowed to claim compensation – circumstances leading to mischief were absent hence not immoral. JMM KLELC17

18. JMM KLELC18 2. Dealings with Prostitutes Always considered immoral Always considered immoral Eg. sale/hiring of goods to a prostitute for enabling her to carry on her business Eg. sale/hiring of goods to a prostitute for enabling her to carry on her business void void Landlord knowingly letting his house for carrying on the business of prostitution Landlord knowingly letting his house for carrying on the business of prostitution void void

19. 3. Illegal cohabitation England – past consideration not valid – if promise in writing to pay for illegal cohabitation England – past consideration not valid – if promise in writing to pay for illegal cohabitation India – promise to pay for- India – promise to pay for- i. Adulterous cohabitation, past/ present/future – void ii. Future cohabitation – void iii. Past cohabitation to secure it in future – void iv. Past cohabitation only – valid JMM KLELC19

20. JMM KLELC20 Opposed to public policy An agreement is unlawful if the court regards its object or consideration as opposed to public policy An agreement is unlawful if the court regards its object or consideration as opposed to public policy public policy – vague & unsatisfactory term.public policy – vague & unsatisfactory term. TEST: the twin touchstones of public policy are, TEST: the twin touchstones of public policy are, advancement of public good and advancement of public good and prevention of public mischief. prevention of public mischief. These questions have to be decided by judges not as men of legal learning but as experienced and enlightened members of the community representing the highest common factor of public sentiment and intelligence Eg. Surrender of rights, sale of seats in public offices, etc. Eg. Surrender of rights, sale of seats in public offices, etc.

21. JMM KLELC21 Heads of Public Policy Trading with Enemy Trafficking in Public Office Interference with Administration of justice Interference with Course of justice Shifting Prosecution Maintenance and Champerty Marriage Brokerage contracts Unfair or Unreaso- nable dealings

22. 1. Trading with an enemy Object of war is to cripple the commerce of enemy country Object of war is to cripple the commerce of enemy country A declaration of war imports prohibition of commercial intercourse and correspondence with the inhabitants of enemy country. A declaration of war imports prohibition of commercial intercourse and correspondence with the inhabitants of enemy country. Illegal except with the permission of the Crown. Illegal except with the permission of the Crown. JMM KLELC22

23. 2. Trafficking in Public offices An agreement with a public officer to act corruptly is contrary to public policy. An agreement with a public officer to act corruptly is contrary to public policy. Agreement to provide money to a parliamentarian to influence his judgment Agreement to provide money to a parliamentarian to influence his judgment sale of public offices in consideration of money. sale of public offices in consideration of money. JMM KLELC23

24. 3. Interference with Administration of Justice Interference with course of justice Shifting prosecution Maintenance & Champerty JMM KLELC24

25. 4. Marriage brokerage contracts An agreement to procure marriage of a person in consideration of money – void An agreement to procure marriage of a person in consideration of money – void Agreement for the sale of girl – void Agreement for the sale of girl – void Attempt to make any material gain out of marriage is equally opposed public policy and void Attempt to make any material gain out of marriage is equally opposed public policy and void Gifts promised at the time of marriage – void Gifts promised at the time of marriage – void JMM KLELC25

26. 5. Unfair and unreasonable dealings Where- Parties economically are not on same footing Parties economically are not on same footing Unequal bargaining power Unequal bargaining power One in a position to exploit and the other is vulnerable One in a position to exploit and the other is vulnerable Bargain is apparently unfair Bargain is apparently unfair Opposed to public policy Opposed to public policy Eg. Service contracts. Eg. Service contracts. JMM KLELC26