1. Patterns of Evolution *

2. Macroevolution/ Microevolution
Macroevolution- One group of animals evolves into another….due to large scale changes that take place over long periods of time.
Microevolution- Small scale changes within a species to produce new varieties or species in a relatively short amount of time. *

3. Macroevolution/ Microevolution
Both involve changes in allele frequencies in gene pools
Both work through the same basic processes
The difference is largely one of approach and scale
Each offers different insights into the evolution process *

4. Macroevolution/ Microevolution*

5. Macroevolution/ Microevolution
Dog Variability: When bred for certain traits, dogs become different and distinctive. This is a common example of microevolution—changes in size, shape, and color—or minor genetic alterations.  It is not macroevolution: an upward, beneficial increase in complexity. 
They are all still dogs, but different species of dogs *

6. Macroevolution/ Microevolution
Macroevolution has never been observed in any breeding experiment.
Why would this be? *

7. Patterns of Macroevolution
These are models of evolution:
A. Mass Extinctions
B. Divergent Evolution (adaptive radiation)
C. Convergent Evolution
D. Coevolution
E. Gradualism
F. Punctuated Equilibrium *

8. Mass Extinctions Huge numbers of species disappeared.
Event in which many types of living things became extinct at the same time. 
Huge numbers of species disappeared.
Whole ecosystems were wiped out.
Results in burst of evolution of new species in new habitat
Disrupted energy flow throughout the biosphere and caused food webs to collapse *

9. Mass Extinctions Possible causes Asteroids hitting earth
Volcanic eruptions
Continental drift
Sea levels changing *

10. Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation)
The evolution of an ancestral species, which was adapted to a particular way of life, into many diverse species, each adapted to a different habitat
Many new species diversify from a common ancestor.
The branching out of a population through variation.
The new species live in different ways than the original species did. *

11. Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation) *

12. Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation) *

13. Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation)
Diversity in anoles is most striking in the Caribbean islands *

14. Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation)
Hawaiian honeycreepers
Variation in color and bill shape is related to their habitat and diet *

15. Convergent Evolution
Opposite of divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)
Unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments, or ecological niches
Analogous structures are a result of this process
Example: penguin limb/whale flipper/fish fin
The wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats all serve the same function and are similar in structure, but each evolved independently *

16. Convergent Evolution *

17. Convergent Evolution *

18. Convergent Evolution
ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right) from Madagascar *

19. Convergent Evolution Hummingbird Hawkmoth
Hummingbird Hawkmoth *

20. Convergent Evolution
Similar body shapes and structures have evolved in the North American cacti...and in the euphorbias in Southern Africa *

21. Convergent Evolution *

22. Coevolution The mutual evolutionary influence between two species
When two species evolve in response to changes in each other
They are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions (have a symbiotic relationship) including:
Predator/prey
Parasite/host
Plant/pollinator
Each party exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each others' evolution *

23. Coevolution http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/30.18.jpg*

24. Coevolution A fly and an orchid--can influence each other's evolution *

25. Coevolution
Bumblebees and the flowers the they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival. *

26. Coevolution
Coevolution between the yucca moth and the yucca plant. (right) A female yucca moth pushing pollen into the stigma tube of the yucca flower while visiting the flower to deposit her eggs Yucca moth larvae (left) feeding on seeds in the yucca fruit. *

27. Coevolution Clown Fish and Sea anemone *

28. Coevolution
Praying Mantis simulates plant to protect itself from predators and eats pests that are attracted to and feed on the plant, so it protects the plant. *

29. Coevolution Shrimp cleaning Titan triggerfish in Pacific Ocean *

30. Check for Understanding
A predator develops the ability to run faster since its prey adapted to run faster. This is an example of
Divergent Evolution
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Convergent evolution C

31. Check for Understanding
What type of evolution would causes two species to develop the same structure/physical appearance despite being different species from different areas?
Coevolution
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Microevolution B

32. Check for Understanding
What type of evolution has many types of a species evolve from one common ancestor due to environmental pressures?
Coevolution
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
C or D

33. Check for Understanding
What is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution?
Scale and approach

34. Gradualism
The evolution of new species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time
Emphasizing slow and steady change in an organism
Occurs at a slow but constant rate
Over a short period of time it is hard to notice *

35. Gradualism *

36. Gradualism Current living zebras (top), extinct quaggas (bottom) *

37. Gradualism *

38. Gradualism *

39. Punctuated Equilibrium
Stable periods of no change (genetic equilibrium) interrupted by rapid changes involving many different lines of descent
Opposite of gradualism
It is rare, rapid events of branching speciation
Characterized by long periods of virtual standstill ("equilibrium"), "punctuated" by episodes of very fast development of new forms *

40. Punctuated Equilibrium
Horseshoe crabs have changed little since their first appearance in the fossil record.
They are in a state of equilibrium *

41. Punctuated Equilibrium*

42. Punctuated Equilibrium *

43. Gradualism or Punctuated Equilibrium*

44. Intense environmental pressure Different environments
Patterns of Macroevolution
Species
Flow Chart
that are
Unrelated
Related
form in
under
under in in
Intense environmental pressure
Inter- relationships
Similar environments
Small populations
Different environments
can undergo
can undergo
can undergo
can undergo
can undergo
Convergent evolution
Punctuated equilibrium
Adaptive radiation
Coevolution
Extinction *

45. Evolution vs. Selection
Natural selection is the mode by which evolution occurs
Natural selection causes the small changes that accumulate to create true evolution of a species/group of organisms

46. Types of Selection
Directional: one phenotype is favored in the environment
Stabilizing: organisms with extreme phenotypes are eliminated
Disruptive: organisms with common traits are eliminated, extremes are favored
Artificial: a breeder chooses which traits to favor
Directional: dark peppered moths
Stabilizing: Birth weight in humans (extremes die)
Disruptive: small female and large male elephant seals
Artificial: Dogs

47. Graphs of Selection

48. Check for Understanding
Mass extinctions would cause what type of evolution?
Directional
Punctuated
Gradual
Stabilizing

49. Check for Understanding
What type of selection is pictured?
Directional
Stablilzing
Gradualism
Punctuated
Disruptive

50. Check for Understanding
What is the difference between evolution and selection?